Regarding the growth of global energy consumption and the paucity of light crude oil, extracting and using heavy and extra heavy crude oil has received much more attention, but the application of this kind of oil is c...Regarding the growth of global energy consumption and the paucity of light crude oil, extracting and using heavy and extra heavy crude oil has received much more attention, but the application of this kind of oil is complicated due to its very high molecular weight. High viscosity and low flowability complicate the transportation of heavy and extra heavy crude oil. Accordingly, it is essential to reduce the viscosity of heavy and extra heavy crude oil through in-situ operations or immediate actions after extraction to reduce costs. Numerical simulations are influential methods, because they reduce calculation time and costs. In this study, the cracking of extra heavy crude oil using computational fluid dynamics is simulated, and a unique kinetic model is proposed based on experimental procedures to predict the behavior of extra heavy crude oil cracking reaction. Moreover, the hydrodynamics and heat transfer of the system and influence of nanocatalysts and temperature on the upgrading of crude oil are studied. The geometry of a reactor is produced using commercial software, and some experiments are performed to examine the validity and accuracy of the numerical results. The findings reveal that there is a good agreement between the numerical and experimental results. Furthermore, to investigate the main factors affecting the process, sensitivity analysis is adopted. Results show that type of catalyst and concentration of catalyst are the parameters that influence the viscosity reduction of extra heavy crude oil the most. The findings further revealed that when using a 25 nm SiO_2 nanocatalyst, a maximum viscosity reduction of 98.67% is observed at 623 K. Also, a catalyst concentration of 2.28 wt% is best for upgrading extra heavy crude oil. The results obtained through sensitivity analysis, simulation model, and experiments represent effectual information for the design and development of high performance upgrading processes for energy applications.展开更多
Four novel benzothiazolium ionic liquids with 6PF?([C1Bth][PF6], [C4Bth][PF6], [C5Bth][PF6] and [C6Bth][PF6]) were synthesized, and the rang of their melting points were determined between 358.35 K-424.05 K. The relat...Four novel benzothiazolium ionic liquids with 6PF?([C1Bth][PF6], [C4Bth][PF6], [C5Bth][PF6] and [C6Bth][PF6]) were synthesized, and the rang of their melting points were determined between 358.35 K-424.05 K. The relationship of their melting points and the length of the straight alkyl chain on cation reflected ‘S' type ten-dency. Then, the solubilities of the four ionic liquids in six lower alcohols(methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol and 2-methyl-1-propanol) were measured in the temperature rang of 253.15-383.15 K at at-mospheric pressure with static analytical method, respectively. It was found that [C6Bth][PF6] in all investigated ionic liquids had the largest solubility in six alcohols and the solubility of [C4Bth][PF6] in methanol was very sensi-tive for temperature in 313.15-333.15 K, which was so-called "temperature-sensitivity". This feature is of great significance to their application of catalyzing reaction or extraction process, and makes the recovery and reuse of ionic liquids(ILs) become easier. Moreover, the experimental solubility data were correlated with the modified Apelblat equation and λh equation, respectively. It was found that the result of correlation using two divided tem-perature ranges was better than that of using the whole temperature range.展开更多
基金Supported by the Iranian National Science Foundation(INSF)under grant number91042428
文摘Regarding the growth of global energy consumption and the paucity of light crude oil, extracting and using heavy and extra heavy crude oil has received much more attention, but the application of this kind of oil is complicated due to its very high molecular weight. High viscosity and low flowability complicate the transportation of heavy and extra heavy crude oil. Accordingly, it is essential to reduce the viscosity of heavy and extra heavy crude oil through in-situ operations or immediate actions after extraction to reduce costs. Numerical simulations are influential methods, because they reduce calculation time and costs. In this study, the cracking of extra heavy crude oil using computational fluid dynamics is simulated, and a unique kinetic model is proposed based on experimental procedures to predict the behavior of extra heavy crude oil cracking reaction. Moreover, the hydrodynamics and heat transfer of the system and influence of nanocatalysts and temperature on the upgrading of crude oil are studied. The geometry of a reactor is produced using commercial software, and some experiments are performed to examine the validity and accuracy of the numerical results. The findings reveal that there is a good agreement between the numerical and experimental results. Furthermore, to investigate the main factors affecting the process, sensitivity analysis is adopted. Results show that type of catalyst and concentration of catalyst are the parameters that influence the viscosity reduction of extra heavy crude oil the most. The findings further revealed that when using a 25 nm SiO_2 nanocatalyst, a maximum viscosity reduction of 98.67% is observed at 623 K. Also, a catalyst concentration of 2.28 wt% is best for upgrading extra heavy crude oil. The results obtained through sensitivity analysis, simulation model, and experiments represent effectual information for the design and development of high performance upgrading processes for energy applications.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81102344)the Scientific Research Fund of Sichuan Prov-ince Education Department(12ZA080)+1 种基金Mianyang Normal University for Excellent Plan Fund(QD2012A06)the Project of Mianyang Science and Technology Bureau(10Y003-8)
文摘Four novel benzothiazolium ionic liquids with 6PF?([C1Bth][PF6], [C4Bth][PF6], [C5Bth][PF6] and [C6Bth][PF6]) were synthesized, and the rang of their melting points were determined between 358.35 K-424.05 K. The relationship of their melting points and the length of the straight alkyl chain on cation reflected ‘S' type ten-dency. Then, the solubilities of the four ionic liquids in six lower alcohols(methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol and 2-methyl-1-propanol) were measured in the temperature rang of 253.15-383.15 K at at-mospheric pressure with static analytical method, respectively. It was found that [C6Bth][PF6] in all investigated ionic liquids had the largest solubility in six alcohols and the solubility of [C4Bth][PF6] in methanol was very sensi-tive for temperature in 313.15-333.15 K, which was so-called "temperature-sensitivity". This feature is of great significance to their application of catalyzing reaction or extraction process, and makes the recovery and reuse of ionic liquids(ILs) become easier. Moreover, the experimental solubility data were correlated with the modified Apelblat equation and λh equation, respectively. It was found that the result of correlation using two divided tem-perature ranges was better than that of using the whole temperature range.
