Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium for ternary system of ethanol, ethyl propionate and para-xylene at 101.3 kPa

Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium(VLE) data for the binary system ethyl propionate(2) + para-xylene(3) and ternary system ethanol(1) + ethyl propionate(2) + para-xylene(2) at atmospheric pressure(101.3 k Pa)were obtained by a VLE modified othmer still. All the experimental data passed a point to point consistency test of Van Ness method, which verified the data reliability. The Wilson and UNIQUAC activity coefficient models were employed to correlate the binary VLE data to obtain binary interaction parameters. Based on binary interaction parameters, ternary VLE data of ethanol(1) + ethyl propionate(2) + para-xylene(3) were predicted by Wilson and UNIQUAC models, which proved that predicted values are consistent with the experimental data.Furthermore, azeotropic phenomenon between ethanol and ethyl propionate disappears when the mole ratio of para-xylene and binary system of ethanol and ethyl propionate is 1:1. Therefore, this paper convinced that para-xylene is a proper extractive additive that could be used in extractive distillation to separate the binary azeotropic system of ethanol and ethyl propionate.

Cold Model Study and Commercial Test on Novel Vapor-Liquid Distributor of Hydroprocessing Reactor

A novel vapor-liquid distributor was developed on the basis of sufficient study on the existing distributors applied in hydroprocessing reactors. The cold model test data showed that the fluid distribution performance of the novel vapor-liquid distributor was evidently better than the traditional one. Com- mercial tests of the new distributor were carded out in the 300 kt/a gas oil hydrotreating reactor at SINOPEC Changling Branch Company, showing that the new vapor-liquid distributor could improve the fluid distribution, promote the hydrotreating efficiency and lead to better performance than the traditional one.

Isobaric Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium for Toluene, 3-Methylthiophene and N-formylmorpholine at 101.33 kPa

Isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data were measured for binary mixtures of toluene+N- formylmorpholine, toluene+3-methylthiophene and 3-methylthiophene+N-formylmorpholine at 101.33 kPa. The VLE data of the binary systems were found to be thermodynamically consistent. The saturated vapor pressure calculated by CSGC-PR equation of the pure component had higher accuracy than that calculated by Antoine equation. The liquid- phase activity coefficients of the binary systems were calculated by the Wilson, NRTL and UNIFAC models, and the binary interaction parameters of the three models were determined by the VLE data. The Wilson model was selected as the most suitable model to predict the VLE data of the ternary system of toluene+3-methylthiophene+N- formylmorpholine. The relative volatility between toluene and 3-methylthiophene was also calculated. Moreover, the effect of N-formylmorpholine as solvent was studied. When the molar ratio of solvent to feed (S/F) was 7, the relative volatility reached 1.904, which is almost twice the relative volatility without solvent. Therefore, N-formylmorpholine can be considered as an effective extracting agent for the separation of the close-boiling mixture of toluene+3- methylthiophene by extractive distillation.

Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium for binary system of aniline+methyl-N-phenyl carbamate

In this study,the quasi-static ebulliometric method was used to measure both of the vapor pressures of methyl N-phenyl carbamate(MPC),and the isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium(VLE) data of the aniline and MPC binary system.The measured vapor pressure data of MPC,at different temperature ranging from 369.60 to 389.54 K,fitted well with the Antoine equation.The VLE data for the aniline and MPC system at(2.00,4.00,6.00,7.00 and 8.00) k Pa were correlated by both of nonrandom two-liquid(NRTL) and Wilson models.The parameters of the two models were obtained by regressing the experimental data,with the absolute temperature deviations of 0.54 K and 0.53 K,respectively.The relative volatility of the binary system calculated was all far more than 1,which gives the conclusion that the high purity MPC can be separated from aniline and MPC binary system by rectification or distillation technology.

An Experimental Study on the Drag Property of High-Temperature Particles Falling into Cold Liquid Pool

This experiment is to study the special resistant induced by the high-speed evaporation surrounding themoving high-temperature particles. An observable equipment was designed, in which the first 11 experiments wereperformed by pouring one or several Zirconia spheres with various high-temperature and a diameter of 3～ 10 mminto a water pool. The particles falling-down speeds were recorded by high-speed photographic instrumentation,and pressures and water temperatures were measured. A comparison between the experiments with cold and hotspheres respectively, employing three different sphere types each, was presented. The experimental data, com-pared with the theory of the evaporation drag model, are nearly identical.

A Novel Method for Producing Hydrogen from a Hydrocarbon Liquid Using Microwave In-liquid Plasma

The in-liquid plasma method is a technology in which plasma of several thousand degrees Kelvin is generated within bubbles in a liquid. The purpose of this study is to enhance the hydrogen production rate from waste oils by using in-liquid plasma. Two types of microwave in-liquid plasma apparatus are adopted for hydrogen production. One is a conventional MW （microwave） oven, the other is a microwave generator with a waveguide to apply the in-liquid plasma steam reforming method in n-dodecane. The produced gas is 58%-90% hydrogen in these methods. The hydrogen production rate is improved by stabilization of the bubble growth. The gas production rate by plasma feeding steam in n-dodecane is 1.4 times higher than that without feeding steam.

A New Approach to Investigation of vdW Type of Equations of State

A new approach to the investigation of vdW type of equations of state (EOS) is developed by embedding a vapor pressure equation and a saturated liquid volume equation into vdW type EOS, which results in a new function AS(T). The AS(T) possesses the properties of an attractive parameter A(T), and if an EOS is accurate in the whole PVT space, then its numerical value equals A(T). As a useful tool for investigating EOS, the As(T) has been used to make comparisons among RKS, PRSVII, PT and ALS EOS, and to indicate where the shortcomings of the EOS are coming from. Based on the AS(T), a possible way to develop a real predictive equation of state is also suggested.

Investigations on the Heat Flux Rates in Superheated Water Jet Evaporators

When a liquid undergoes sudden reduction in the surrounding pressure below its saturation pressure, the liquid then enters in a metastable state. In order to regain equilibrium, part of the liquid evaporates quickly in a phenomenon called ＂flash evaporation＂, and the excess sensible heat contained in the liquid is converted into latent heat of vaporization. Therefore, temperatures of both the liquid and the generated vapor decline to the saturation temperature for the reduced pressure. As the heat and mass transfer occur in direct contact between the liquid and its own vapors, the process involves a very high heat transfer rate which makes it suitable for exchanging heat between sources of relatively small temperature difference. Moreover, dispensability of the heat exchange surfaces in this process is a considerable advantage as these surfaces constitute major part of the total system expenses in addition to the associated maintenance problems, especially when dealing with corrosive fluids such like seawater in the thermal desalination processes and in the OTEC （ocean thermal energy conversion） systems. This paper reports on the heat flux variation profiles during the flash evaporation of superheated water jets at various flow conditions. Heat flax was found to grow with time attaining a peak value before it starts to decrease monotonically.

Thermodynamic Analysis of a Mixed Refrigerant Ejector Refrigeration Cycle Operating with Two Vapor-liquid Separators

A mixed refrigerant ejector refrigeration cycle operating with two-stage vapor-liquid separators （MRERC2） is proposed to obtain refrigeration temperature at -40℃. The thermodynamic investigations on per- formance of MRERC2 using zeotropic mixture refrigerant R23/R134a are performed, and the comparisons of cycle performance between MRERC2 and MRERC1 CMRERC with one-stage vapor-liquid separator） are conducted. The results show that MRERC2 can achieve refrigeration temperature varying between -23.9℃ and -42.0℃ when ejector pressure ratio ranges from 1.6 to 2.3 at the generation temperature of 57.3-84.9℃. The parametric analysis indicates that increasing condensing temperature decreases coefficient of performance （COP） of MRERC2, and increasing ejector pressure ratio and mass fraction of the low boiling point component in the mixed refrigerant can improve COP of MRERC2. The MRERC2 shows its potential in utilizing low grade thermal energy as driving power to obtain low refrigeration temperature for the ejector refrigeration cycle.

Water－Aromatic Liquid－Liquid－Vapour Equilibrium Calculation Using a Cubic Equation of State

This paper presents an extension of the procedure developed in the case of water-alkane binaries to mixtures of water and benzene or toluene or xylene or ethylbenzene or diethylbenzene. The method used to calculate the equilibria is baized on the Peng-Robinson cubic equation of state modified as regards the coefficient α(Tr) and on the use of a binary interaction coefficient Kiw specific to binaries containing water.

Evaporation of a Thin Binary Liquid Film by Forced Convection into Air and Superheated Steam

This paper deals with a numerical analysis of the evaporation of a thin binary liquid film by forced convection inside a channel constituted by two plates.The first plate is externally insulated and wetted by a thin water ethylene glycol film while the second is dry and isothermal.The first part is concerned with the effects of inlet ambiance conditions and the liquid concentration of ethylene glycol on the distribution of the velocity,temperature,concentrations profiles and the axial variation of the evaporation rate.The second part is focused on the inversion temperature point of the evaporation of binary liquid film.Results show that the inversion temperature phenomenon for the evaporation of binary liquid mixture is observed for high liquid concentration of ethylene glycol.The present results show that in the inlet temperature range considered here,the inversion temperature does not exit for the evaporation of pure ethylene glycol.