两种料液自动循环沼气装置的研究

在当前农村推广沼气工作中,沼气用户普遍反映沼气换料、出料实在难,同时,产气不均衡。为了解决这些问题,我们根据水压式沼气池的工作原理及发酵工艺和原料液化产酸、产甲烷二个阶段的特性。

影响HCOONa结晶真空度因素浅析

分析影响 HCOONa结晶真空度的因素，强调指出液环式真空泵，液环水的大小是一个重要的但易被人们忽视的影响因素。

Clathrate Hydrate Capture of CO2 from Simulated Flue Gas with Cyclopentane/Water Emulsion

Capture of CO2 by hydrate is one of the attractive technologies for reducing greenhouse effect.The primary challenges are the large energy consumption,low hydrate formation rate and separation efficiency.This work presents a new method for capture of CO2 from simulated flue gasCO2(16.60%,by mole) /N2 binary mixture by formation of cyclopentane(CP) hydrates at initial temperature of 8.1°C with the feed pressures from 2.49 to 3.95 MPa.The effect of cyclopentane and cyclopentane/water emulsion on the hydrate formation rate and CO2 separation efficiency was studied in a 1000 ml stirred reactor.The results showed the hydrate formation rate could be increased remarkably with cyclopentane/water emulsion.CO2 could be enriched to 43.97%(by mole) and 35.29%(by mole) from simulated flue gas with cyclopentane and cyclopentane/water(O/W) emulsion,respectively,by one stage hydrate separation under low feed pressure.CO2 separation factor with cyclopentane was 6.18,higher than that with cyclopentane/water emulsion(4.01) ,in the range of the feed pressure.The results demonstrated that cyclopentane/water emulsion is a good additive for efficient hydrate capture of CO2.

Measurement and correlation of solubility of diosmin in four pure solvents and β-cyclodextrin solution at 298.15K to 333.15K

The aim of present study was to measure and correlate the solubility of poorly water-soluble flavonoid diosmin in water, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol （IPA）, polyethylene glycol-400 （PEG-400） and β-cyclodextrin （β-CD） aqueous solution （0.02 mol·L^-1 ）. The solubility of diosmio was measured using the shake flask method from （298.15 to 333.15） K at atmospheric pressure. The experimental solubilities of diosmin were regressed by the modified Apelblat model with a relative deviation in the range of 0.048% to 5.940%. The correlation coefficients were observed in the range of 0.9957 to 0.9995. The solubility of diosmin was found to be increased with temperature in all sample matrices investigated. The mole fraction solubility of diosmin was found to be higher in 5-CD aqueous solution and PEG-400 as compared to water, ethanol and IPA. Based on solubility data of present study, diosmin was considered as practically insoluble in water, insoluble in ethanol ＆ IPA and soluble in PEG- 400 and β-CD aqueous solution.

A EPC Approach to the Residual Water in Erythrocytes

A novel approach has been developed to determine the amount of residual water in human erythrocyte at room temperature by electronic particle counter. Nacl solutions of 13 osmolalities were prepared and the equilibrium cell volumes in which were measured one by one.The isotonic volume, V0, was obtained under the isotonic condition. The mean RBC volumes of 5 donors at each osmolality were fitted according to Boyle van’t Hoff relationship, and the osmotically inactive volume, Vb, of erythrocyte was then determined. The results show that Vb50% V0. More importantly, the final cell volume with regard to the solution of the highest concentration found to be kept at about 0.5 V0. The difference between these two volumes is unconspicuous. According to the published data that non-water volume of human erythrocyte is about 28.3% of its isotonic volume, residual water of human erythrocyte can be gained by subtracting V dry from Vf, that is V rw =21.7% V0. Then it was concluded that the residual water of human lays in 2 states, one is bound water, and the other is free water.

Effect of β-Cyclodextrin Upon the Sol-gel Transition of Methylcellulose Solutions in the Presence of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

The sol-gel transition temperature of methylcellulose （MC） solution in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate （SDS） as well as the mixtures of SDS and β-cyclodextrin （β-CD） was mea- sured, and the effect of the two competing interactions, the hydrophobic interaction between SDS and MC and the inclusion interaction between SDS and β-CD, upon the sol-gel transition of MC solution was studied. It has been found that the inclusion interaction between SDS and β-CD is much greater than the hydrophobic interaction between SDS and MC. As a result, in the coexistence of SDS and β-CD, the sol-gel transition temperature of MC solution keeps the same value, independent of the concentration of SDS in solution on con- dition that the concentration of SDS is less than β-CD. Our experimental results not only suggest that the effect of SDS upon the sol-gel transition of MC solution can be screened by β-CD completely but also indicate the inclusion ratio of SDS to β-CD can be determined quantitatively by using rheological measurement. The inclusion ratio of SDS to β-CD is 1：1, which is in good agreement with the inclusion ratio of SDS to β-CD in the presence of poly（vincyl pyrrolidone） determined by the viscosity measurement but is critically different from the inclusion ratio of SDS to β-CD in the presence of the oppositely charged polyelec-trolyte by using the rheological measurement, mainly due to the reason that the mechanism of the interaction between SDS and MC is critically different from the mechanism of the interaction between SDS and the oppositely charged polyelectrolyte.

Salt Effect on the Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium of （Water ＋ Propionic Acid ＋ Cyclohexanol） System at T=（298.2,303.2,and 308.2） K

Effects of salt and temperature on the liquid phase equilibrium of the(water + propionic acid + cyclohexanol) system were investigated.The liquid-liquid equilibrium data in the presence of KCl for various salt ionic strength of 0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,and 2.5 mol·dm3 and in absence of the salt at T=(298.2,303.2,and 308.2)K were determined.The experimental results were correlated based on the Othmer-Tobias equation and Pitzer ion-interaction model.Thermodynamic properties such as distribution coefficients and activity coefficients of propionic acid in water + cyclohexanol were determined.In addition,the separation factor,S,of the chosen solvent was obtained for the investigated system.

Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer of Oily Micro-emulsions in An External Loop Airlift Reactor

This study reports an experimental investigation on hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics in a 15.6x10-3 m3 external loop airlift reactor for oil-in-water micro-emulsions with oil to water volume ratio （φ） rang- ing from 3% to 7% （by volume）. For comparative purposes, experiments were also carried out with water. Increase in φ of micro-emulsion systems results in an increment in the gas holdup and a decrease in the volumetric gas-liquid oxygen transfer coefficient and liquid circulation velocity, attributed to the escalation in the viscosity of mi- cro-emulsions. The gas holdup and volumetric mass transfer coefficient for micro-emulsion systems are signifi- cantly higher than that of water system. Two correlations are developed to predict the gas holdup and oxygen trans- fer coefficient

Hepatorenal syndrome

Hepatorenal syndrome(HRS) is defined as a functional renal failure in patients with liver disease with portal hypertension and it constitutes the climax of systemic circulatory changes associated with portal hypertension.This term refers to a precisely specified syndrome featuring in particular morphologically intact kidneys,where regulatory mechanisms have minimised glomerular filtration and maximised tubular resorption and urine concentration,which ultimately results in uraemia.The syndrome occurs almost exclusively in patients with ascites.Type 1 HRS develops as a consequence of a severe reduction of effective circulating volume due to both an extreme splanchnic arterial vasodilatation and a reduction of cardiac output.Type 2 HRS is characterised by a stable or slowly progressive renal failure so that its main clinical consequence is not acute renal failure,but refractory ascites,and its impact on prognosis is less negative.Liver transplantation is the most appropriate therapeutic method,nevertheless,only a few patients can receive it.The most suitable "bridge treatments" or treatment for patients ineligible for a liver transplant include terlipressin plus albumin.Terlipressin is at an initial dose of 0.5-1 mg every 4 h by intravenous bolus to 3 mg every 4 h in cases when there is no response.Renal function recovery can be achieved in less than 50% of patients and a considerable decrease in renal function may reoccur even in patients who have been responding to therapy over the short term.Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt plays only a marginal role in the treatment of HRS.

Design and study on hydraulics characteristic of multistage anaerobic granular sludge reactor

This article provides some ideas about several key parameters in design of multistage anaerobic granular sludge reactor （MA（iSR）, and an MAGSR was designed by these ideas. By experiment this paper studies the productivity of biogas and circulation flux of wastewater. The results indicate that in certain scope the circulation flux increases in linear with the biogas productivity rise. The result by the experiment and by the hydraulics model about the circulation flux is different. The circulation flux can be several or more than ten times of the influence.

Magnitude and Trends of High-elevation Cloud Water Pollutant Concentrations and Modeled Deposition Fluxes

Cloud water samples, LWC （Liquid Water Content） and meteorological data were collected at the Clingmans Dome, Tennessee, high-elevation site in Great Smoky Mountains National Park during the warm season from 1994 through 2011. This paper presents results from 2000 through the conclusion of the study in 2011. Samples were analyzed for SO42＂, NO3, NH4＋ and H＋. These measurements were supplemented by measurements of ambient air and precipitation concentrations to estimate dry and wet deposition. Cloud water concentrations, LWC, cloud frequency, various meteorological measurements and information on nearby forest canopy were used to model cloud water deposition to gauge trends in deposition. Total deposition was calculated as the sum of cloud, dry and wet deposition estimates. Concentrations and deposition fluxes declined over the study period. The decreases in cloud water SO42＂ and NO3 concentrations were 40 percent and 26 percent, respectively. Three-year mean 5042 and NO3 deposition rates decreased by 71 percent and 70 percent, respectively. Trends in concentrations and depositions were comparable with trends in SO2 and NOx emissions from Tennessee Valley Authority power plants and aggregated emission reductions from electric generating units in adjacent states. Back trajectories were simulated with the HYSPLIT model and aggregated over cloud sampling periods from 2000 through 2007 and 2009 through 2011. Trajectories during periods with high H＋ concentrations traveled over local EGU （Electric Generating Unit） emission sources in Tennessee and Kentucky to the Ohio River Valley, Alabama and Georgia with the conclusion that these source regions contributed to acidic cloud water deposition at Clingmans Dome. This work was supported by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Tennessee Valley Authority with infrastructure support provided by the National Park Service.

A Large Conformational Change of a Bridged b-Cyclodextrin Dimer in Aqueous Solution

A novel bridged b-CD dimer in which two b-cyclodextrins were linked by a naphthalene at positions 2 and 7 has been synthesized. 1H and 13CNMR measurements showed that a large change in the conformation of the dimer occurred in aqueous solution. The dimer interacted with methyl and ethyl orange to form stable inclusion complexes via 搃nduced fit?mechanism.

Theoretical and experimental investigation on a liquid-gas ejector power cycle using ammonia-water

The purpose of this paper is to investigate a novel power cycle using low-temperature heat sources such as oceanic-thermal, biomass as well as industrial waste heat. Both a reheater and a liquid-gas ejector are used in this ammonia-water based cycle. Energy analysis and parametric analysis are performed to guide the theoretical performance and experimental investigation is done to verify the theoretical results. The results show that the generator pressure, heating source temperature and turbine outlet depressurization made by the ejector can affect the cycle performances. Besides, the experimental thermal efficiency is much lower than the theoretical one on account of the heat losses and irreversibility. Moreover, the performance of liquid-gas ejector is affected by primary flow pressure and temperature.

Study of Thermal and Hydraulic Performances of Circular and Square Ribbed Rough Microchannels Using LBM

The effects of roughness geometries and relative roughness height at the slip flow regime to investigate the thermal and hydraulic performances of microchannel have been considered in the present article using a thermal Lattice Boltzmann Method(TLBM).A two dimensional 9-bit(D2Q9)single relaxation time(SRT)model is used to simulate this problem.In micro-flows,the local density variation is still relatively small,but the total density changes,therefore,in order to account this density variation and its effect on the kinematic viscosityν,a new relaxation time proposed by Niu et al.[13]is used.The roughness geometry is modeled as a series of square and circular riblets with a relative roughness height from 0%to 10%of the channel height.The friction coefficients in terms of Poiseuille number(Pn)and the dimensionless heat transfer rate in terms of Nusselt number(Nu)have been discussed in order to analyze the roughness effects.The thermal-hydraulic performance(η)is calculated considering the simultaneous effects of thermal and fluid friction(pressure drop)at the slip flow regime at Knudsen number,Kn,ranging from 0.01 to 0.10 with other controlling parameters for both kind of geometries.The results have been compared with previous published works and it is found to be in very good agreement.