膨胀管补贴技术在深层煤层气大规模压裂井的探究与应用

随着临汾区块致密气开发时间不断延长,部分井处于长停关井状态,且这部分井大多数进行了多层系开发生产,再利用难度大,面临报废处置的窘境。随着区块深层煤储层改造技术的突破,膨胀管补贴技术的引进和应用,解决了下返调层实现大规模压裂增产改造的技术难题,为这部分气井的盘活再利用提供了技术保障。

煤炭地下气化试验综述与产业化发展建议

在实现碳达峰碳中和(“双碳”)目标和保障国家能源安全的双重需求驱动下,我国煤炭地下气化(UCG)迎来了新的历史发展机遇期。为科学制定技术攻关路线、加快产业化发展,按时间顺序梳理了煤炭地下气化试验历程,将其分为矿井式气化、直井/定向井气化、水平井气化3个发展阶段,探究了不同阶段推动气化技术革新的底层逻辑,从技术和非技术2个方面分析了未能产业化的原因并提出产业化发展建议。研究表明:(1)水平井+可控注入点后退气化工艺不仅能够有效规避浅层气化在地表沉降、淡水污染方面的风险,而且在扩大煤炭纵向开发范围、提高单井控煤量、提升粗煤气品质、保障连续气化方面具有优势,是当前和今后一个时期的主流技术路线。(2)我国是现场试验时间最长的国家,长期处于矿井式气化阶段,虽然我国中深层煤炭地下气化攻关试验刚起步,但是由于该技术攻关难度大、技术成熟度低,主要富煤国家在技术研发上基本属于同一起跑线,有希望成为我国钻井式气化技术弯道超车的新赛道。(3)技术适用性不强是造成矿井式、直井式气化产业化困难的主要技术原因,技术成熟度较低是制约水平井气化产业化的主要技术原因,长期稳产高产问题尚未得到彻底解决。(4)常规天然气低成本开发和页岩气革命的冲击,民众对浅层气化诱发环境污染的担忧,政府对煤炭地下气化的政策转向,是导致国外试验终止的主要非技术原因;发展规划长期空白、科研试验主体相对单一、科研投入不足、产业扶持政策未出台、联合创新机制未建立是阻碍我国气化产业化的非技术原因。提出我国UCG产业化建议:新时期要充分认识煤炭地下气化技术的复杂性和挑战性,按照“干成”“干好”两个维度,破解“长期稳产”和“高产优产”两个核心问题,通过同步推进科研攻关和现场试验不断提高技术成熟度,在生产端采用“先物理采气后化学气化”的梯级开发方式避免与煤层气开发竞争,在利用端积极探索与油气、新能源、煤化工融合发展模式以提高经济效益。作为一种“人造气藏”的颠覆性开发方式,煤炭地下气化攻关成功后能为其他矿产资源的流态化开发提供技术借鉴,助推我国化石能源非常规开发技术实现新跨越。

论煤炭地下气化对煤层地质条件的适应性

分析了煤层埋藏深度、厚度、倾斜度、围岩等地质条件对并工法和地下气化法开采的影响，阐述了煤炭地下气化较大的适应性．

简述地质勘探在煤矿资源开发中的作用

作为目前所有国家的基础能源物质,煤炭起到了重要的作用,无论是国家的建设还是经济的发展,乃至国防建设都建立在煤矿产业的发展基础之上。从目前的形势分析,我国的煤炭开采状况中,浅层煤炭已经储量不多,因此我们不得不将开采方向转向更深层次的煤炭。但是深层煤的开采有着一定的难度,必须利用综合性的勘探技术对其位置进行确定,才能有效的进行资源开采,缩短生产周期,提高生产效率。文章主要对矿区的综合地质勘探进行了全面分析,以此延伸出煤炭资源的开发问题,望同广大同仁进行交流。

适合矿井防治水的水泥基化学复合材料研究

深层煤矿井开采过程中极易出现巷道涌水等事故,为了解决传统水泥基支护材料硬脆性强、韧性差以及抗渗能力弱的问题,以醋酸乙烯酯和聚乙烯醇为主要原料,在乳化剂OP-10和SDS的作用下,制备了一种改性聚合物乳液PVEA-1,并将其与水泥、粉煤灰、砂和PVA纤维等材料相结合,制备出了一种新型水泥基化学复合材料。考察了水泥基化学复合材料的基本物理性能、力学性能和抗渗性能,结果表明,改性聚合物乳液PVEA-1能够有效提高水泥基化学复合材料的流动度和保水率,并且随着PVEA-1加量的不断增大,水泥基化学复合材料的抗压强度逐渐降低,抗折强度先升高后降低,压折比先降低后升高,吸水率逐渐降低。当PVEA-1的加量为8%时,水泥基化学复合材料的综合性能较好,具有较高的韧性和抗渗能力,能够作为深层煤矿井防治水的支护材料使用。

Hydraulic support stability control of fully mechanized top coal caving face with steep coal seams based on instable critical angle

Analyzed the support instable mode of sliding,tripping,and so on,and believed the key point of the support stability control of fully mechanized coal caving face with steep coal seams was to maintain that the seam true angle was less than the hydraulic support instability critical angle.Through the layout of oblique face,the improvement of support setting load,the control of mining height and nonskid platform,the group support system of end face,the advance optimization of conveyor and support,and the other control tech- nical measures,the true angle of the seam is reduced and the instable critical angle of the support is increased,the hydraulic support stability of fully mechanized coal caving face with steep coal seams is effectively controlled.

Research on the sudden changes and the controlling factors of deep coal mining conditions

It was illustrated that the mining conditions inducing disasters changed with depth both in regularity of gradual and sudden change.The sudden change depth for different disaster conditions are different and controlled by different factors.The high temperature and its change with depth are mainly controlled by strata structures and rock heat conductiv- ity property,the high rock stress and dynamical engineering disasters and their change with depth are mainly controlled by tectonic conditions,roof strata rock property and deep rock mechanical property,coal mine water disasters and their change with depth are mainly con- trolled by rock mechanical property of coal seam floor and regional groundwater circulation conditions,gas disaster conditions and their change with depth are mainly controlled by buried conditions of coal seam and opening conditions of geological structures.It is men- tioned that the key point for the control of deep coal mining disaster is to clearly understand the sudden change depth of different factors causing disasters.

Reservoir reconstruction technologies for coalbed methane recovery in deep and multiple seams

Multiple coal seams widely develop in the deep Chinese coal-bearing strata. Ground in situ stress and coal seam gas pressure increase continuously with the increase of the mining depth, and coal and gas outburst disasters become increasingly severe. When the coal is very deep, the gas content and pressure will elevate and thus coal seams tends to outburst-prone seams. The safety and economics of exploited firstmined coal seams are tremendously restricted. Meanwhile, the multiple seams occurrence conditions resulted in different methane pressure systems in the coal-bearing strata, which made the reservoir reconstruction of coal difficult. Given the characteristics of low saturation, low permeability, strong anisotropy and soft coal of Chinese coal seams, a single hydraulic fracturing surface well for reservoir reconstruction to pre-drain the coalbed methane(CBM) of multiple seams concurrently under the different gas pressure systems has not yet gained any breakthroughs. Based on analyses of the main features of deep CBM reservoirs in China, current gas control methods and the existing challenges in deep and multiple seams, we proposed a new technology for deep CBM reservoir reconstruction to realize simultaneous high-efficiency coal mining and gas extraction. In particular, we determined the first-mined seam according to the principles of effectiveness and economics, and used hydraulic fracturing surface well to reconstruct the first-mined seam which enlarges the selection range of the first-mined seam. During the process of mining first-mined seam, adjacent coal seams could be reconstructed under the mining effect which promoted high-efficiency pressure relief gas extraction by using spatial and comprehensive gas drainage methods(combination of underground and ground CBM extraction methods). A typical integrated reservoir reconstruction technology, ‘‘One well for triple use", was detailed introduced and successfully applied in the Luling coal mine. The application showed that the proposed technology could effectively promote coal mining safety and simultaneously high-efficiency gas extraction.

Study on Critical,Modern Technology for Mining in Gassy Deep Mines

To achieve safe and highly efficient mining in the gassy, deep mines of the Huainan collieries simultaneous coal and gas extraction, and the corresponding ventilation methods were developed. This includes a set of mining procedures and principles which help insure safe and efficient production. Furthermore, green mining, meaning the comprehensive use of emitted gas, proper treatment of the environment and appropriate mine temperature control, is now standard. The concepts of modem mining and the principles of pressure relief are described. Coal-gas simultaneous ex- traction and multi-pressure relief techniques were developed which require a combination of surface and underground gas extraction. The application of Y-ventilation systems, of roadways retained along goafs, of stress control techniques for highly fragile mine roofs and of powerful, automatic and reliable mining equipment contributes to safe operation of modem deep mines. Operating parameters for these techniques are described and the results of their use discussed.

Gas drainage from different mine of drainage systems for deep coal areas： optimal placement seams with high gas emissions

The techniques of stress relief mining in low-permeability coal seams and pillarless gob side retained roadway entry using Y-type ventilation and gas drainage systems were developed to control gas outbursts and applied successfully. However, as the mining depth increasing, parts of the gas drainage system are not suitable for mines with high gas emissions. Because larger mining depths cause higher ground stresses, it becomes extremely difficult to maintain long gob side roadways. The greater deformation suffered by the roadway is not favorable lor borehole drilling for continuous gas drainage. To solve these problems, Y-type ventilation and gas drainage systems installed from a roof roadway were designed for drainage optimization. This system was designed based on a gas-enrichment zone analysis developed from mining the 11-2 coal seam in the Zhuji Mine at Huainan, Anhui Province, China. The method of Y-type gas extraction from different mine areas was applied to the panel 1112（1） in the Zhuji Mine. The absolute gas emission rate was up to 116.3 m^3/min with an average flow of 69.1 m^3/min at an average drainage concentration of nearly 85 %. After the Y-type method was adopted, the concentration of gas in the return air was 0.15 %-0.64 %, averaging 0.39 % with a ventilation rate of 2100-2750 m^3/min. The gas management system proved to be efficient, and the effective gas control allowed safe production to continue .

Estimation of correction coefficients for measured coal bed methane contents

Improving the accuracy and precision of coal bed methane(CBM) estimates requires correction of older data from older coal exploration surveys to newer standards.Three methods,the depth gradient method,the contour aerial weight method,and the well-point aerial weight method,were used to estimate the correction coefficient required to predict CBM gas content from coal exploration data.The data from the Nos.3 and 15 coal seams provided the coal exploration data while the CBM exploration stages within the X1 well block located in the southern part of the Qinshui Basin provided the data obtained using newer standards.The results show the correction coefficients obtained from the two aerial weight methods are similar in value but lower than the one obtained from the depth gradient method.The three methods provide similar results for the Nos.3 and 15 seams in that the correction factor is lower for the former seam.The results from the depth gradient method taken together with the coal seam burial depth and the coal rank suggest that variations in the correction factor increase linearly along with coal seam burial depth and coal rank.The correlation obtained can be applied to exploration and the evaluation of coal bed gas resources located in coalfields.

Soft–strong supporting mechanism of gob-side entry retaining in deep coal seams threatened by rockburst

When gob-side entry retaining is implemented in deep coal seams threatened by rockburst, the cementbased supporting body beside roadway will bear greater roof pressure and strong impact load. Then the supporting body may easily deform and fail because of its low strength in the early stage. This paper established the roadside support mechanical model of gob-side entry retaining. Based on this model,we proposed and used the soft–strong supporting body as roadside support in the gob-side entry retaining. In the early stage of roof movement, the soft–strong supporting body has a better compressibility, which can not only relieve roof pressure and strong impact load, but also reduce the supporting resistance and prevent the supporting body from being crushed. In the later stage, with the increase of the strength of the supporting body, it can better support the overlying roof. The numerical simulation results and industrial test show that the soft–strong supporting body as roadside support can be better applied into the gob-side entry retaining in deep coal seams threatened by rockburst.

Numerical analysis of the destruction of water-resisting strata in a coal seam floor in mining above aquifers

With the increase in mining depth many mining areas in China have entered a period necessitating mining above aquifers. Production safety in coal mines in northern China is under serious threat from Ordovician karst water on coal seam floors, in order to analyze the destruction of water-resisting strata in floors of coal seams being mined and to achieve safe mining above deep aquifers, we established a numerical model of water-resisting strata, considering the structural characteristics and mechanical properties of a floor layered with hard and soft rock. We simulated the distribution characteristics of deformation, failure and seepage using the analytical module of fluid-structure interaction of FLAt：. We also obtained the corresponding stress distribution, deformation and flow vectors. Our results indi- cate that： （1） the advance of the working face causes water-resisting strata in goaf floors to form a deep double-clamped beam, subject to homogeneous loading at the bottom; （2） the two sides of the rock beam are subject 1~0 shear failure; （3） both sides of the rock seam at the bottom of the water-resisting strata are subject to tension and the greater the working face advance, the more serious the failure; C4） the original balance of the stress and seepage fields are broken and redistributed due to mining activities, especially the interaction of the abutment pressure in both sides of the goal; the lateral pressure on the goal floor and the water pressure on the floor of the aquifer promote floor heave and shear failure on both sides of the floor, forming a water-inrush passage. Our study results can provide references for the mechanism of water-inrush on mine floors.

Gas seepage equation of deep mined coal seams and its application

In order to obtain a gas seepage law of deep mined coal seams, according to the properties of coalbed methane seepage in in-situ stress and geothermal temperature fields, the gas seepage equation of deep mined coal seams with the Klinkenberg effect was obtained by confirming the coatbed methane permeability in in-situ stress and geothermal temperature fields. Aimed at the condition in which the coal seams have or do not have an outcrop and outlet on the ground, the application of the gas seepage equation of deep mined coal seams in in-situ stress and geothermal temperature fields on the gas pressure calculation of deep mined coal seams was investigated. The comparison between calculated and measured results indicates that the calculation method of gas pressure, based on the gas seepage equation of deep mined coal seams in in-situ stress and geothermal temperature fields can accu- rately be identical with the measured values and theoretically perfect the calculation method of gas pressure of deep mined coal seams.

DEEP COLLIERY PRESSURE BUMPS AND ITS PREVENTIONS UNDER THE ACTION OF ABUTMENT PRESSURE

Based on field measurement, the relations was introduced between mining bepth and the peak value places of abutment pressures in long wall face of the deep colliery with caving method to handle goaf, and the reasons aod kinds of pressure bumps are analysed under the action of tbe moving and constant abutment pressures formed by the method of long wall caving or room and pillar mining, and the relative precautions were put foward to prevent the pressure bumps in deep mining.

Application of deep borehole blasting on fully mechanized hard top-coal pre-splitting and gas extraction in the special thick seam

In order to solve the problems of top-coal inadequate destruction and large amounts of gas emission in mining extra thick and hard coal seam,this study investigated the pre-splitting for deep borehole blasting and gas pre-draining technologies on top coal.The mechanism of the technologies was systematically expounded based on hard top-coal cracks development obtained by numerical simulation and theoretical analysis.The results show that explosive blasting in the hard rock results in a large number of cracks and large displacement in the rock mass due to the effect of explosion stress.Meanwhile,the thick top-coal caves,and desorbing gas flows along the cracks improve gas extraction.Finally,the pre-splitting for deep borehole blasting and gas pre-draining technologies was applied in No.3802 working face of Shui Liandong Coal Mine,which increases monthly output in the face to 67.34 kt and the drained gas concentration to 86.2%.The drained gas average concentration from each borehole reaches 40%,and the effect is remarkable.

Characterization of deep ground geothermal field in Jiahe Coal Mine

Research into the characteristics of geothermal fields is important for the control of heat damage in mines. Based on measured geothermal data of boreholes from 200 m to 1200 m in a Jiahe Coal Mine, we demonstrate non-linear but increasing relations of both geo-temperatures and geothermal gradients with increases depth. Numerically, we fitted the relationship between geo-temperatures and depth, a first-order exponential decay curve, formulated as: T(h) = 4.975 + 23.08 exp(h/1736.1).

Pore structure characteristics of the relative water-resisting layer on the top of the Ordovician in Longgu Coal Mine

In order to study the permeability and water-resisting ability of the strata on the top of the Ordovician in Longgu Coal Mine, this paper tested the permeability and porosity of the strata, investigated the fracture and pore structure features of the strata, and identified the main channels which govern the permeability and water-resisting ability of the strata. The permeability of the upper, central and lower strata shows as 2.0504 × 10^-3-2.782762× 10^-3, 4.1092 × 10^-3 -7.3387 × 10^-3 and 2.0891 ×10^-3-3.2705 × 10-3 μm^2, respectively, and porosity of that is 0.6786-0.9197%, 0.3109-0.3951% and 0.9829-1.8655%, respectively. The results indicate that： （I） the main channels of the relative water-resisting layer are the pore throats with a diameter more than 6 μm; （2） the major proportion of pore throats in the vertical flow channel and the permeability first increases and then sharply decreases; （3） the fractures occurring from the top to 20 m in depth of the strata were filled and there occurred almost no fracture under the depth of 40 m; and （4） the ratio of turning point of the main flow channel in the strata on top of Ordovician can be used to confirm the thickness of filled water-resisting lavers.

Formation of methane hazard in longwall coal mines with increasingly higher production capacity

Increasingly higher hard coal production capacity in Upper Silesian Coal Basin(Poland) in the last two decades led to significant increase of methane hazard occurrence in the workings of exploitation areas.An increase of methane content in the exploited seams and in the surrounding strata, associated with increasing depth of mining, results in higher methane emission into the longwall areas from exploited seams and degassing seams in the mining-induced de-stressed zone. Operational experience gained by the collieries confirms that reducing methane release during longwall operations often requires decreasing operating speed of a shearer in a shift. The paper presents an analysis of the parameters and factors,which have critical influence on the formation of methane hazard in longwall areas with high production capacity.

Determining areas in an inclined coal seam floor prone to water-inrush by micro-seismic monitoring

The failure depth of the coal seam floor is one important consideration that must be kept in mind when mining is carried out above a confined aquifer.Determining the floor failure depth is the essential precondition for predicting the water-resisting ability of the floor.We have used a high-precision microseismic monitoring technique to overcome the limited amount of data available from field measurements. The failure depth of a coal seam floor,especially an inclined coal seam floor,may be more accurately estimated by monitoring the continuous,dynamic failure of the floor.The monitoring results indicate the failure depth of the coal seam floor near the workface conveyance roadway（the lower crossheading） is deeper and that the failure range is wider here compared to the coal seam floor near the return airway（the upper crossheading）.The results of micro-seismic monitoring show that the dangerous area for water-inrush from the coal seam floor may be identified.This provides an important field measurement that helps ensure safe and highly efficient mining of the inclined coal seam above the confined aquifer at the Taoyuan Coal Mine.