路面加铺导致中央分隔带分离式混凝土护栏高度不足时,需要加高护栏,以提升护栏的防护性能。提出了一种在混凝土护栏上安装钢构件的改进混凝土护栏;采用小轿车、大型客车及大型货车3种车型进行了仿真碰撞分析及实车碰撞试验,研究了小轿...路面加铺导致中央分隔带分离式混凝土护栏高度不足时,需要加高护栏,以提升护栏的防护性能。提出了一种在混凝土护栏上安装钢构件的改进混凝土护栏;采用小轿车、大型客车及大型货车3种车型进行了仿真碰撞分析及实车碰撞试验,研究了小轿车碰撞后乘员加速度a、车辆重心高度H G的变化及大型客/货车碰撞后改进混凝土护栏支撑梁和横梁变形情况。结果表明:小轿车碰撞后,车辆乘员加速度的纵向和横向分量均不大于200 m/s 2;大型客/货车碰撞后,改进混凝土护栏的支撑梁和横梁变形出现了部分损坏,车辆能正常导出;改进混凝土护栏的防护等级可达到SAm级。展开更多
Germany and China use different stable systems for fattening pigs. Widespread systems in Germany are closed stables with slatted or partly slatted floor, which produce liquid manure （a mixture of urine, faeces, and c...Germany and China use different stable systems for fattening pigs. Widespread systems in Germany are closed stables with slatted or partly slatted floor, which produce liquid manure （a mixture of urine, faeces, and cleaning water） whereas in China open stables with closed concrete floors are used with separate collection of faeces and urine. Based on data from literature and own analyses nutrient flows of both systems are calculated. The Chinese manure system or mechanized belt or V-shaped pit floor systems with faeces/urine separation are more effective to separate solids, nutrients, carbon, and heavy metal than mechanical separation from liquid manure. The separation rates can be up to 88% for the solids, 67% for nitrogen, 93% for phosphorus, 60% for potassium, 94% for magnesium, 97% for cupper, and 98% for zinc. The faeces can be used for composting to produce a market product.展开更多
Reinforcement inside the concrete is protected from corrosion and its damages until several years after the construction. After corrosion initiation, the cross section of reinforcement begins to reduce and often load ...Reinforcement inside the concrete is protected from corrosion and its damages until several years after the construction. After corrosion initiation, the cross section of reinforcement begins to reduce and often load bearing of the reinforced concrete structure will be reduced significantly. Corrosion of reinforcements in concrete in polluted and contaminated areas can occur in two ways: chloride and carbonation. In this work, meta-heuristic approach of charged system search(CSS) is used to calculate corrosion occurrence probability due to chloride ions penetration. The model efficiency is verified by comparing the available examples in technical literature and results of Monte Carlo analysis. According to the analyses performed, using different probabilistic distributions regardless of probabilistic moments based on real distribution leads to diverse results. In addition, influence of each effective parameter in corrosion occurrence varies by changing other parameters.展开更多
The Zipingpu concrete-faced rockfill dam(CFRD)experienced strong ground motion from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.Separation between concrete face slabs and the cushion layer was observed after the earthquake.The separ...The Zipingpu concrete-faced rockfill dam(CFRD)experienced strong ground motion from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.Separation between concrete face slabs and the cushion layer was observed after the earthquake.The separation voids under the stage III slabs make up 55%of the total area of the stage III slabs.The observed maximum height of the separation voids was nearly 23 cm at the top of the stage III slabs.Separation voids were also observed locally below the top of stage II slabs near the left abutment,with a maximum height of 7 cm.In this study,a static and dynamic elasto-plastic finite element analysis on Zipingpu CFRD was conducted to capture the separation during the Wenchuan earthquake.The rockfill materials were described using a state-dependent elasto-plastic model that considered particle breakage.The model parameters of rockfill materials were obtained from feedback analysis.The numerical results were largely consistent with the field measurements during construction and after the Wenchuan earthquake.A three-dimensional state-dependent elasto-plastic model that can trace the separation and re-contact of a soil-structure interface was employed to investigate the interaction between concrete face slabs and a cushion layer.The analysis showed the distribution of separation voids observed in the Zipingpu CFRD has a close relationship to the water level and slab dislocations at the time of the earthquake.The phenomenon of the separation from the Wenchuan earthquake was successfully captured by the proposed numerical procedure.展开更多
文摘路面加铺导致中央分隔带分离式混凝土护栏高度不足时,需要加高护栏,以提升护栏的防护性能。提出了一种在混凝土护栏上安装钢构件的改进混凝土护栏;采用小轿车、大型客车及大型货车3种车型进行了仿真碰撞分析及实车碰撞试验,研究了小轿车碰撞后乘员加速度a、车辆重心高度H G的变化及大型客/货车碰撞后改进混凝土护栏支撑梁和横梁变形情况。结果表明:小轿车碰撞后,车辆乘员加速度的纵向和横向分量均不大于200 m/s 2;大型客/货车碰撞后,改进混凝土护栏的支撑梁和横梁变形出现了部分损坏,车辆能正常导出;改进混凝土护栏的防护等级可达到SAm级。
基金The authors would like to thank the German Ministry for Education and Research （BMBF） （project No. 0330847G）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （project No. 40971177）, and the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People＇s Republic of China （MOST） for financing the project.
文摘Germany and China use different stable systems for fattening pigs. Widespread systems in Germany are closed stables with slatted or partly slatted floor, which produce liquid manure （a mixture of urine, faeces, and cleaning water） whereas in China open stables with closed concrete floors are used with separate collection of faeces and urine. Based on data from literature and own analyses nutrient flows of both systems are calculated. The Chinese manure system or mechanized belt or V-shaped pit floor systems with faeces/urine separation are more effective to separate solids, nutrients, carbon, and heavy metal than mechanical separation from liquid manure. The separation rates can be up to 88% for the solids, 67% for nitrogen, 93% for phosphorus, 60% for potassium, 94% for magnesium, 97% for cupper, and 98% for zinc. The faeces can be used for composting to produce a market product.
文摘Reinforcement inside the concrete is protected from corrosion and its damages until several years after the construction. After corrosion initiation, the cross section of reinforcement begins to reduce and often load bearing of the reinforced concrete structure will be reduced significantly. Corrosion of reinforcements in concrete in polluted and contaminated areas can occur in two ways: chloride and carbonation. In this work, meta-heuristic approach of charged system search(CSS) is used to calculate corrosion occurrence probability due to chloride ions penetration. The model efficiency is verified by comparing the available examples in technical literature and results of Monte Carlo analysis. According to the analyses performed, using different probabilistic distributions regardless of probabilistic moments based on real distribution leads to diverse results. In addition, influence of each effective parameter in corrosion occurrence varies by changing other parameters.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51279025,51379028&91215301)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(Grant No.NCET-12-0083)China’s Post-doctoral Science Fund(Grant No.2015M580225)
文摘The Zipingpu concrete-faced rockfill dam(CFRD)experienced strong ground motion from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.Separation between concrete face slabs and the cushion layer was observed after the earthquake.The separation voids under the stage III slabs make up 55%of the total area of the stage III slabs.The observed maximum height of the separation voids was nearly 23 cm at the top of the stage III slabs.Separation voids were also observed locally below the top of stage II slabs near the left abutment,with a maximum height of 7 cm.In this study,a static and dynamic elasto-plastic finite element analysis on Zipingpu CFRD was conducted to capture the separation during the Wenchuan earthquake.The rockfill materials were described using a state-dependent elasto-plastic model that considered particle breakage.The model parameters of rockfill materials were obtained from feedback analysis.The numerical results were largely consistent with the field measurements during construction and after the Wenchuan earthquake.A three-dimensional state-dependent elasto-plastic model that can trace the separation and re-contact of a soil-structure interface was employed to investigate the interaction between concrete face slabs and a cushion layer.The analysis showed the distribution of separation voids observed in the Zipingpu CFRD has a close relationship to the water level and slab dislocations at the time of the earthquake.The phenomenon of the separation from the Wenchuan earthquake was successfully captured by the proposed numerical procedure.
