冰水赋存演化下冻结土石混合体-结构界面强度劣化机制及模型

温升下冻结土石混合体-结构界面层孔隙内冰水赋存改变极易诱发强度劣化,而目前界面强度劣化机制及劣化规律定量表征的相关研究存在空白。制备0%,15%,30%,45%等4种含石率组合体试样,通过核磁共振、直剪试验研究了正融过程冰水赋存演化下界面强度劣化特性,结合莫尔-库仑准则首次提出以薄膜水及毛细水含量变化率为参变量的强度劣化模型。得到结论:含石改变界面孔隙结构分布使毛细水占比升高;温升下界面抗剪强度劣化程度随含石率增加而降低;正融后不同含石率界面黏聚力衰减程度均大于内摩擦角衰减程度;黏聚力、内摩擦角与未冻水含量关系曲线分别呈阶段非线性特点及两阶段线性特点,其实质在于薄膜水及毛细水发育使得界面黏聚力和内摩擦角产生不同程度及形式的劣化。模型分析表明:随含石率升高,薄膜水及毛细水劣化系数具有“此消彼长”的特性,颗粒间及颗粒与结构接触面滑动摩擦强度和咬合摩擦强度劣化比例系数分别呈现下降、上升趋势。

土–石混合体随机细观结构生成系统的研发及其细观结构力学数值试验研究

土–石混合体的细观结构特征在很大程度上影响了其在外力作用下的细观损伤演变机制及所表现的宏观力学行为。从土–石混合体的细观结构特征出发,开展一系列相关细观力学特征研究工作,将对于深化土–石混合体力学理论研究体系具有重要的意义。运用统计学、几何学、随机模拟等多学科交叉技术,开发基于任意凸多边形及椭圆形块石的土–石混合体细观结构随机生成系统——R-SRM2D。基于R-SRM2D,从土–石混合体的含石量、粒度组成、块体空间分布及土–石界面类型等特征的差异性出发,运用数值试验的方法研究土–石混合体细观结构的差异与其细观损伤机制及宏观力学行为的关系。在理论上取得一些有意义的研究成果:随着含石量的增加,土–石混合体弹性模量及单轴抗压强度呈上升趋势;在含石量一定的条件下,试样的宏观强度随着块石粒度维数的增加而略有降低;当块石长轴与主压力轴近于正交或平行时,其抗压强度最大;当块石长轴与主压力轴成(45°-?s/2)时,其抗压强度最小;土–石界面的胶结使得土–石混合体的宏观强度发生明显的改善,其单轴抗压强度增加约1倍。

紫色砂页岩区“土石混合梯坎+黄花菜梯埂”梯田技术应用及效益分析

紫色砂页岩区坡耕地水土流失严重,梯田是治理坡耕地水土流失的有效措施。"土石混合梯坎+黄花菜梯埂"梯田技术就是下部毛条石梯坎、上部土质梯坎,梯埂种黄花菜,组成较为稳定的梯田埂坎。该技术比毛条石坎梯田投资少,比土坎梯田稳定性强、埂坎占地少,具有较好的生态、经济和社会效益,可为紫色砂页岩区坡耕地综合治理提供有效途径,值得大力推广应用。

预应力结构设计使用寿命模型

预应力混凝土结构的耐久性问题和普通混凝土的耐久性有相似之处 ,但更有其独特性 文中阐述了预应力结构中力筋应力腐蚀断裂特征 ,分析了预应力结构与普通混凝土结构使用寿命的不同之处 ,然后在碳化作用机理的基础上 。

晋陕蒙能源区不同构型土体水分入渗特性模拟

采用一维垂直积水入渗试验,研究晋陕蒙能源区不同构型土体的水分入渗特性。结果表明:不同构型土体的入渗能力差异明显,表现为风沙土、黄土、砒砂岩的入渗能力依次降低,风沙土和黄土中采用混合添加和分层添加砒砂岩的方式均可以延长入渗时间并能降低入渗速率;在控制较高容重的条件下,含有料姜石和煤矸石的土体入渗能力低;层状结构土体的入渗能力低于均质土壤;采用线性函数可以很好地描述不同构型土体累积入渗量与湿润锋推进距离之间的关系;与Philip入渗模型相比,Kostiakov入渗模型可以更好地拟合不同构型土体的入渗过程。

Measurement and theoretical analysis of solar temperature field in steel-concrete composite girder

The solar temperature field of a large three-span continuous bridge with steel-concrete composite box girder and variable cross-section is measured to verify a calculation method for the temperature field of steel-concrete composite beams. The test results show that the temperature of an external steel web- plate is higher than that of an internal web-plate due to the difference in solar radiation. Air temperature inside the box matches the average temperature of the whole steel box. Based on actual measurements, a transient thermal analysis with multiple boundary conditions is also carried out by a software program ANSYS. Convective boundary situation and states of solar radiation on steel web plates in different situations are determined in the analysis. The feature of the temperature field is preliminarily achieved through a comparative study between the actual measurement and the finite element analysis. The computed results are in good consistence with the actual measurement results, with the maximum difference within 2 ℃. This indicates that the theoretical calculation method is reliable and it provides a foundation for further research on temperature field distribution in the steel-concrete composite box girder.

Flexural behavior of hybrid fiber reinforced high performance concrete deep beam

In order to reveal the flexural behavior of hybrid fiber reinforced high-performance concrete deep beam, 16 high-performance concrete deep beams of different fiber volume content have been tested according to the state standards and testing methods. The effects of hybrid fiber on the yield moment and bending bearing capacity of the cross-section have been analyzed, the calculation method for the bending capacity＇ is discussed and the propositional formula are provided as well. Results shoxv that the flexural properties increased obviously when add ≤1.0% of volume content steel fibers and ≤0.11% of volume content polypropylene fibers in to deep beam. The results are useful to the further amendments of fiber reinforced concrete structure technical regulation （CECS 38：2004）.

Numerical analysis of soil-rock mixture's meso-mechanics based on biaxial test

Soil-rock mixture(S-RM)is a widely distributed geotechnical medium composed of "soil" and "rock block" different both in size and strength. Internal rock blocks form special and variable meso-structural characteristics of S-RM. The objective of this work was to study the control mechanism of meso-structural characteristics on mechanical properties of S-RM. For S-RM containing randomly generated polygonal rock blocks, a series of biaxial tests based on DEM were conducted. On the basis of research on the effects of rock blocks' breakability and sample lateral boundary type(rigid, flexible) on macroscopic mechanical behavior of S-RM, an expanded Mohr-Coulomb criterion in power function form was proposed to represent the strength envelop. At the mesoscopic level, the variations of meso-structure such as rotation of rock block, and the formation mechanism and evolution process of the shear band during tests were investigated. The results show that for S-RM with a high content of rock block, translation, rotating and breakage of rock blocks have crucial effects on mechanical behavior of S-RM. The formation and location of the shear band inside S-RM sample are also controlled by breakability and arrangement of rock blocks.

Generation of 3D random meso-structure of soil-rock mixture and its meso-structural mechanics based on numerical tests

The mesoscopic failure mechanism and the macro-mechanical characteristics of soil-rock mixture(S-RM) under external load are largely controlled by S-RM's meso-structural features. The objective of this work is to improve the three-dimensional technology for the generation of the random meso-structural models of S-RM, for randomly generating irregular rock blocks in S-RM with different shapes, sizes, and distributions according to the characteristics of the rock blocks' size distribution. Based on the new improved technology, a software system named as R-SRM3 D for generation and visualization of S-RM is developed. Using R-SRM3 D, a three-dimensional meso-structural model of S-RM is generated and used to study the meso-mechanical behavior through a series of true-triaxial numerical tests. From the numerical tests, the following conclusions are obtained. The meso-stress field of S-RM is influenced by the distribution of the internal rock blocks, and the macro-mechanical characteristics of S-RM are anisotropic in 3D; the intermediate principal stress and the soil-rock interface properties have significant influence on the macro strength of S-RM.

Electrical resistance stability of high content carbon fiber reinforced cement composite

The influences of curing time, the content of free evaporable water in cement paste, environmental temperature, and alternative heating and cooling on the electrical resistance of high content carbon fiber reinforced cement (CFRC) paste are studied by experiments with specimens of Portland cement 42.5 with 10 mm PAN-based carbon fiber and methylcellulose. Experimental results indicate that the electrical resistance of CFRC increases relatively by 24% within a hydration time of 90 d and almost keeps constant after 14 d, changes hardly with the mass loss of free evaporable water in the concrete dried at 50 °C, increases relatively by 4% when ambient temperature decreases from 15 °C to ?20 °C, and decreases relatively by 13% with temperature increasing by 88 °C. It is suggested that the electric resistance of the CFRC is stable, which is testified by the stable power output obtained by electrifying the CFRC slab with a given voltage. This implies that such kind of high content carbon fiber reinforced cement composite is potentially a desirable electrothermal material for airfield runways and road surfaces deicing.

Behavior of Cantilever Slabs in a Blast Environment

Behavior of structural elements under blast loading is different from that under usual loading conditions that are considered in conventional structural deigns. Cantilever slabs are more vulnerable than most other elements under blast loads because of their shape. Understanding the blast behavior of cantilever slabs is useful in strengthening them against blast loads. In this paper, blast loading design envelopes for cantilever slabs are proposed using which, the blast behavior of conventional cantilever slabs can be identified. The paper describes the theories behind these envelopes and the way they can be applied to improve conventional designs. These envelopes have been prepared using numerical techniques. The theories used are accepted, verified and validated theories. The paper shows the possibility of converting a conventional cantilever slab design into impulsive regime design with minor adjustments to the structural design. It points out the importance of increasing slab thickness and controlling steel/concrete ratio for strengthening conventional cantilever slab designs and the requirement of reinforcement at top and bottom fibers.

Retrofitting of RC Slabs Against Explosive Loads

With the increase of terrorist bomb attacks on buildings, there is a need to develop advanced retrofitting techniques to strengthen structures against blast loads. Currently, several guidelines including an Australian version for retrofitting reinforced concrete (RC) structures are available for the design of retrofitting systems against seismic and monotonic loads using steel or fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) plates that can be either adhesively bonded to the surface or near surface mounted to the concrete cover. However, none of these guidelines provide advice suitable for retrofitting structures subjected to blast loads. In this paper, numerical models are used to simulate the performance of retrofitted RC slabs subjected to blast loads. Airblast pressure distributions on the surface of the slabs estimated in a previous study are used as input in the analysis. A material damage model developed previously for concrete and an elastoplastic model for steel bars are employed in this research for modelling reinforced concrete behaviour due to explosive loads. The material models and blast loading are coded into a finite element computer program LS-DYNA3D to do the analysis. With the numerical model, parametric studies are conducted to investigate RC slabs retrofitted by either externally bonded or near-surface mounted plates or GFRP sheets subjected to blast loads. Discussion is made on the effectiveness of the retrofitting system for RC slabs against blast loads.

Human Comfort Evaluation of a Steel-Concrete Composite Building Subjected to Aerobics

The current steel-concrete composite floors design might be susceptible to the resonance phenomenon, causing undesirable vibrations in the frequency range that is the most noticeable to humans, i.e., 4 Hz to 8 Hz. This way, the main objective of this work is to investigate the dynamic structural behaviour of a steel-concrete composite multi-storey building when subjected to human rhythmic activities （aerobics）. The studied structural model represents a typical interior floor bay of a commercial building used for gym and is composed by three floor levels spanning 20 m by 20 m, with a total area of 3×400 m2. An extensive parametric study was developed aiming to obtain the peak accelerations, RMS （root mean square） accelerations and VDV （vibration dose value） values, based on two different mathematical formulations. The human comfort of the building was analysed and the vibration transmissibility related to the steel columns was verified. Based on the found results, the investigated structural model presented high vibration levels that compromise the human comfort.

Concrete Containing Marginal Aggregates for Use in Concrete Pavement

The study presented an analysis accessing the feasibility of using concrete containing marginal aggregates in concrete pavement slabs. The physical properties of aggregates were first determined and concrete was produced from them. Marginal aggregates were found to have higher fines, absorption, soundness loss, micro-Deval abrasion loss, LA （Los Angeles） abrasion loss and lower specific gravity and unit weight when compared with standard aggregates. Workability of concrete containing marginal aggregate was found to be similar to concrete containing normal aggregates when Shilstone mix design method was used to optimize the concrete mixes. The compressive strength, splitting tensile, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete containing marginal aggregates were determined and found to be generally lower than concrete containing standard aggregates. A typical concrete pavement in Florida was modeled in FEACONSIV （finite element analysis of concrete slab） software developed at the University of Florida. Laboratory determined mechanical and thermal properties of concrete were inputted in FEACONS IV and analyzed for maximum induced stresses. Critical stress to strength ratios, i.e., ratio between maximum computed stresses obtained from FEACONS IV to modulus of rupture （strength） of concrete, was used as evaluation criterion for different concrete pavement mixes. It was found that, in general, concrete containing marginal aggregates have higher stress to strength ratios as compared with concrete containing standard aggregates.

Performance of Square Lightweight Concrete Specimens Confined by CFRP and GFRP

Confinement is an effective method in order to increase concrete strength and its ductility capacity. To improve the structural properties of lightweight concrete, Fiber Reinforced Polymer （FRP） can be used to confine the concrete. Effect of Fiber Reinforced Polymer on confined lightweight concrete elements is one of the most important research fields. It is generally accepted that the strength and stiffness of confined concrete is higher than unconfined one. In this research, behavior of confined and unconfined concrete specimens under uniaxial loading has been studied. In order to decrease stress concentration corners of specimens were chamfered to a radius of 5 to 25 mm. The Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer （CFRP） and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer （GFRP） were used to confine lightweight concrete specimens. The stress-strain curve of specimens is compared.

Utilization of Recycled Coarse Aggregate in Concrete Mixes

In this paper, the effect of the source of recycled coarse aggregate on the properties of concrete is investigated. The tests were conducted on concrete made from three sources of recycled aggregates： （1） old concrete with unknown strength, （2） old concrete with a known compressive strength of 21 MPa, and （3） old concrete with a known strength of 42 MPa. The three sources of recycled aggregates were used to produce new concrete with a target compressive strength of 21 MPa. The first and third sources of recycled aggregates were used in producing concrete with target strength of 42 MPa. A control mix was designed with aggregates from natural sources. The research included two methods of making recycled concrete. One concrete mix was produced using the recycled aggregate and adding more water than the control mix, to reach the target slump, while the second concrete mix was produced using the same amount of water as the control mix but with additional superplasticizer to maintain the target slump. The results obtained in this research showed that the concrete compressive strength depends on the source of recycled aggregates; the stronger the source of recycled aggregate, the higher the compressive strength of the produced concrete. Furthermore, the compressive strength of the first concrete mix was about 10%-20% lower than the compressive strength of the control mix. However, when superplasticizers were used, the compressive strength was around the same value as the control mix.