喀什民歌调式现象探微

民歌音乐的表现要素集中于旋律,旋律并非漫无章法随心所欲,而是受着调式与音阶思维制约的。本文以木卡姆和龟兹乐调式研究理论为基础,对喀什民歌调式的混成型及复杂性进行了分析,并对各种典型的调式音阶类型进行了归纳。

中学生网络写作的语言机制

随着网络的兴起和国门的洞开,一种新奇的语言形式———网语以及夹杂着浓郁异域风情的外来词走进了中国人的生活视野,冲击着人们习以为常、相对稳定的汉语表达,于是“捍卫祖国语言纯洁”的口号被再度提起。我们应该怎样面对网语及外来词呢?我们又应该如何看待“语言的纯洁性”问题呢?王先霈先生主持的国家文字应用“十五”科研项目“网络环境下文学语言的生产、传播及其社会影响”对这些问题作了集中研究,这里选取的是该课题的阶段性成果,希望引起更多的人关注这一问题。

中国古代有无哲学之认识论辨析

关于中国古代有无哲学的问题,同是西方学者观点也大相径庭。国内学者在反驳中国古代无哲学之说时,往往致力于寻找中国古代思想学说中与西方哲学相类似的那种思辨特征。其实,判断某一民族的思想领域中是否有哲学的理论思维,应以是否有关于思维与存在关系问题的理论回答为标准。中国古代思想家显然有着哲学思考的丰富阅历和解答哲学基本问题的独特方式。中国古代哲学具有认知对象的混成性、认知范畴的意境性、认知方式的直觉性等特质,这些都是中国古代哲学所独有的认知特质,中国古代哲学正是以这种独有的认知特质丰富了世界哲学文化的多样化存在。

中国古代哲学家的认知特质

东西方哲学家有着不同的认知方式,与西方哲学家相比,认知对象的混成性、认知范畴的意境性、认知方法的直觉性构成了中国古代哲学家的认知特质。兼论及中国古代哲学之研究方法问题。

A New Type Machine of Mixing-molding for Polyblends

This paper introduces a new type machine for polyblends with excellent mixing capabilities of internal mixer and continuous molding character of extruder.The machine includes two functions - mixing and extrusion molding that have been composed together by rational design,so a tandem production mode - "batch + continuous" are opened up.The mathematical model of continuous mixing molding was established and verified availably by experimental research.The main physical mechanical property of vulcanizate,which had met national waterproof material standard,verified the machine practicability.The essential difference from other similar type machines is that this machine is not only suitable in producing granular and powder rubbers but also lumpish rubbers.

Mixed Gl2／GH2 multi-channel multi-objective control synthesis for discrete time systems

This paper proposes a new approach for multi-objective robust control. The approach extends the standard generalized l2 (Gl2) and generalized H2 (GH2) conditions to a set of new linear matrix inequality (LMI) constraints based on a new stability condition. A technique for variable parameterization is introduced to the multi-objective control problem to preserve the linearity of the synthesis variables. Consequently, the multi-channel multi-objective mixed Gl2/GH2 control problem can be solved less conservatively using computationally tractable algorithms developed in the paper.

Preparation and Characterization of Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Nanofibers

A new class of nanocomposites based on organic and inorganic species integrated at a nanoscale has obtained more attention these years. Organic-inorganic hybrids have both the advantages of organic materials, such as light weight, flexibility and good moldability, and inorganic materials, such as high strength, heat stability and chemical resistance. In this work, PVAc/TiO2 organicinorganic hybrid was prepared by sol-gel process. Eiectrospinning technique was used to fabricate PVAc/TiO2 hybrid nanofibers. The structures and properties of the hybrid nanofibers were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy （SEM）, Atomic Force Microscope （AFM）, Differential Scanning Calorimeter （DSC） and Fouriertransform infrared （FTIR） spectra. SEM and AFM were employed to study the topography of the hybrid nanofibers. The chemical structure of the hybrid nanofibers were examined by FTIR. The DSC scans revealed the second order transition temperature of the hybrid materials were higher than PVAc.

A systematic approach for synthesizing a low-temperature distillation system

In this paper, by combining a stochastic optimization method with a refrigeration shaft work targeting method,an approach for the synthesis of a heat integrated complex distillation system in a low-temperature process is presented. The synthesis problem is formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming(MINLP) problem,which is solved by simulated annealing algorithm under a random procedure to explore the optimal operating parameters and the distillation sequence structure. The shaft work targeting method is used to evaluate the minimum energy cost of the corresponding separation system during the optimization without any need for a detailed design for the heat exchanger network(HEN) and the refrigeration system(RS). The method presented in the paper can dramatically reduce the scale and complexity of the problem. A case study of ethylene cold-end separation is used to illustrate the application of the approach. Compared with the original industrial scheme, the result is encouraging.

Additivity of pore structural parameters of granular activated carbons derived from different coals and their blends

A series of granular activated carbons （GACs） were prepared by briquetting method from Chinese coals of different ranks and their blends, with coal pitch as the binder. Pore structural parameters including BET specific surface area （SBEr）, total pore volume （Vr） and average pore diameter （da） were measured and cal- culated as well as process parameters such as yield of char （CY） and burn-off （B）. The relationship between the pore structural parameters of the GAC from coal blend （BC-GAC） and the ones of the GACs from corresponding single coals （SC-GACs） was analyzed, in which an index, the relative error （δ）, was presented to define the bias between fitted values and experimental values of these parameters of the BC-GACs. The results show that the BC-GAC keeps qualitatively the pore structural features of the SC-GACs; as concerned as the quantitative relationship, the pore structural parameters of the BC-GAC from coal blend consisting of non-caking coals can be obtained by adding proportionally the pore structural parameters of the SC-GACs with a less than 10%. Meanwhile, for the BC-GAC from coal blend containing weak caking bituminous coal, the δ increases up to 25% and the experimental pore size distribution differs greatly from the fitted one.

Effects of Using Exogenous Digestive Enzymes or Natural Enhancer Mixture on Growth, Feed Utilization, and Body Composition of Rabbitfish, Siganus rivulatus

This study was conducted to study the effects of a commercial exogenous digestive enzymes （EDE） containing cellulases, xylanases, u-amylase and proteases from anaerobic bacterium and natural enhancer mixture （NEM） containing allicin, high unit hydrolytic enzyme, Bacillus subtilis spores and ginseng extracts on survival, growth, carcass composition and feed cost/benefit in rabbitfish, Siganus rivulatus. Nine net cages （100 cm × 100 cm × 40 cm; L ×W ×H） were stocked with 10 juvenile rabbitfish （1.1 g per fish） each and placed in a large rectangular tank and offered feed at 4% body weight daily. Three replicates per treatment were offered three isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets, control and two supplemented diets with EDE or NEM at 2 g/kg diet for 74 days. Fish in all cages were weighed at two-week intervals and feed regimen was adjusted accordingly. Rabbitfish offered the control diet exhibited lower growth significantly （P 〈 0.05） and feed utilization than the other two experimental treatments. Experimental diet supplemented with NEM recorded the highest growth performance, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, net protein utilization and energy retention significantly （P 〈 0.05） than the other two tested groups. Carcass composition and somatic parameters index was not affected by dietary EDE or NEM inclusion. Ultimately, when all variables are considered, EDE and NEM inclusion to diets appears to reduce feed cost per unit growth of rabbitfish.

Study on Strategies for Methane Injection in a DISI （Direct Injection Spark Ignition） Engine

This paper deals with the application of two different injection strategies in a natural gas direct injection spark ignition single-cylinder engine model. The analysis includes the air flow characterization during compression stroke and also the charge stratification. Two different swirl ratios are applied and piston bowl effects are analyzed during the gas jet deflection towards the spark plug. Achieving wall-guided effect, consequently, the charge stratification in spark plug region is obtained. The goal is to study the mixture formation differences for a single and a bi pulsed CNG （compressed natural gas） injection profiles and check the evolution of the methane concentration at the spark plug at the start of combustion.

Chemical Composition and Mechanical Characteristic of Nitrogen Ion Beam Mixed Carbon Nanolayer

Ion beam methods for modification of nanohardness of surface nanolayers of the titanium alloy Ti6AI4V were applied. After deposition of carbon nanolayers by electron beam evaporation, the ion implantation of nitrogen into samples was carried out. The chemical composition of the modified surface area was investigated by AES （auger electron spectroscopy）. The nanohardness of resulted ion beam modified surface nanolayers were investigated by nanoindentation testing. The measured concentration profiles indicate the atomic mixing of carbon into the substrate. It was found that the modified samples had a markedly higher nanohardness than the unmodified samples. The increased nanohardness is attributed to the newly created phases in the surface area.

Total Integration of Renewable and Fossil Energy Aiming to a Clean and Sustainable Energy System

This paper presents a new concept of TIRFE （total integration of renewable and fossil energies）, represented by an octagonal structure of all sources, vectors of transmission and optimization of consumption, aiming to a clean and sustainable energy system. The main TIRFE technologies are： cogeneration of H2 and EE （electric energy） by H2-BGSCW/TEU （biomass gasification in supercritical water integrated with a thermoelectric unit）; use of H2 from biomass in oil refinery processes for production of light and clean derivatives; supply of 1-12 deficiency for methanol production from coal; carbon sequestration by a basket of technologies （exhausted petroleum and gas） wells, underground saline aquifers, forests and stockpile of cellulignin-CL-produced from forest residues）; use of H2-BGSCW/TEU as district CHP （combined heat and power） with photovoltaic panels for EE, including electric car battery recharge; optimization of energy consumption by verticalization of the cities replacing low strength materials （bricks and common cement） by high performance concrete with addition of silica from rice husk. TIRFE helps to solve key problems of H2-BGSCW/TEU, such as materials, energy recovery, plugging, corrosion, economics and energy security for the first generation of plants, and organizes the development for the second generation. TIRFE can be incrementally implanted in existent and new cities.

In-situ green synthesis of highly active GSH-capped Pt–Au–Ag-hybrid nanoclusters

Recently much attention has been paid to the application of metal hybrid nanoparticles in industrial catalytic fields because of their super-efficient catalytic activity and attractive properties. We explored a novel strategy to prepare GSH-capped Pt–Au–Ag-hybrid nanoclusters through the synergistic effect between ascorbic acid(VC) and glutathione(GSH) with chloroplatinic acid, chloroauric acid, and silver nitrate as precursors. The potential utilization of as-prepared GSH-capped Pt–Au–Aghybrid nanoclusters for catalytic applications has been evaluated through the reduction of 4-nitrophenol(4-NP) with NaBH4; we obtained the kinetic data by monitoring with UV-Vis spectroscopy. Our results illustrate that GSH-capped Pt–Au– Ag-hybrid nanoclusters could facilitate the process of reduction of 4-NP in a way that is unprecedented. This approach may offer a novel, non-cytotoxicity, efficient catalyst for industry.

Versatile.design and synthesis of mesoporous sulfonic acid catalysts

Mesoporous sulfonic acid catalysts(MSAC) are widely used in acid-catalyzed reactions, including biomass conversions with plenty of polar solvents and precursors. The catalytic efficiency of MSAC is greatly affected by the microenvironment around the sulfonic acid sites. In this review, the progress on modification of microenvironment of MSAC is reviewed over the past decade. Hydrophobic modification allows MSAC prevent the adhesion of water molecules onto sulfonic acid sites, to abate the risk of reduced acid strength and catalytic efficiency. In comparison, hydrophilic properties can bring positive effect on acidcatalyzed reactions with the aid of hydrophilic interaction between polar functional groups on MSAC and hydrophilic groups of specific substrates. Amphiphilic MSAC with tunable wettability for specific substrates and solvents tend to improve the efficiency in certain reactions with mixed solvents or reactants of different polarity, especially for biphasic systems of immiscible liquids. Furthermore, much attention has been attracted on modification of surface to simulate the microenvironment of homogeneous solvents and enzyme biocatalysts in recent research. New trends of this field are also highlighted.

Flexible mating tactics and associated reproductive effort during the rutting season in male reindeer （Rangifer tarandus, L. 1758）

Polygynous males can change their mating tactics across their lifetime, but information is scarce on the flexibility of this trait within a given season and the relative costs and benefits of using different tactics. Here, we monitored individually marked male reindeer Rangifer tarandus and classified their mating tactics as harem-defense, sneaking, or mixed. The costs of the male reproductive effort were assessed using both direct （i.e. percentage of body mass lost） and indirect measures （i.e. activity patterns such as feeding, standing, and walking）, while mating group size and reproductive success were recorded as mating ef- fort benefits. Our results show that reindeer males may switch between the harem-defense and sneaking tactics throughout the same breeding season, providing further support to the notion that reproductive tactics are flexible in ungulates. The costs and benefits of male mating effort vary according to the mating tactic, reaching the highest values in harem-holders and the lowest values in sneaking males. Moreover, males who switched between the sneaking tactic and the harem-defence tactic tended to achieve higher mating success than males who consistently used the least costly tactic. Indeed, all harem-holders successfully sired offspring, whereas only two out of three mixed-tactic males sired one calf, and sneaking males did not sire any calves. In conclusion, our results show that reindeer males can modulate their mating efforts during the same breeding season by switching between the most costly harem-defense tactic and the least costly sneaking tactic, suggesting individual solutions to the balance between reproductive effort and mating opportunities [Current Zoology 61 （5）： 802-810, 2015].

MEASURING AND LOCATING ZONES OF CHAOS AND IRREGULARITY

The new measures computed here are the spectral detrended fluctuation anatysls （sDFA） and spectral multi-taper method （sMTM）. sDFA applies the standard detrended fluctuation analysis （DFA） algorithm to power spectra, sMTM exploits the minute increases in the broadband response, typical of chaotic spectra approaching optimal values. The authors chose the Brusselator, Lorenz, and Duffing as the proposed models to measure and locate chaos and severe irregularity. Their series of chaotic parametric responses in short time-series is advantageous. Where cycles have only a limited number of slow oscillations such as for systems biology and medicine. It is difficult to create, locate, or monitor chaos. From 50 linearly increasing starting points applied to the chaos target function （CTF）; the mean percentage increases in Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy （KS-Entropy） for the proposed chosen models; and p-values when the models were compared statistically by Kruskal-Wallis and ANOVA1 test with distributions assumed normal are Duffing （CTF： 31%： p 〈0.03）; Lorenz （CTF： 2%： p 〈0.03）, and I3russelator （CTF： 8%： p 〈0.01）. Principal component analysis （PCA） is applied to assess the significance of the objective functions for tuning the chaotic response. From PCA the conclusion is that CTF is the most beneficial objective function overall delivering the highest increases in mean KS-Entropy.

Effects of H_2/CO/CH_4 syngas composition variation on the NO_x and CO emission characteristics in a partially-premixed gas turbine combustor

This paper reports the effects of variations in the fuel composition of H_2/CO/CH_4 syngas on the characteristics of NO_x and CO emissions in a partially-premixed gas turbine combustor. Combustion tests were conducted on a full range of fuel compositions by varying each component gas from 0% to 100% at heat inputs of 40 and 50 k Wth. Flame temperature, combustor liner temperature, ignition delay time, and flame structure were investigated computationally and experimentally to judge whether they are significant indicators of NO_x and CO formation. The characteristics of and reasons for NO_x and CO emissions were investigated by analyzing the emission mechanisms and relationships among fuel property, equivalence ratio, flame temperature, liner temperature, flame shape. The flame structures were investigated using the following flame visualization methods:(1) time-averaged OH* chemiluminescence and its Abel-deconvolution;(2) direct photography; and(3) instantaneous OH-PLIF. The flame structures were greatly changed by the fuel composition and heat input, and they were subjected to key affecting parameters of the temperatures of the flames and the liners. NO_x and CO emissions also largely varied according to fuel composition and heat input, showing neither linearly nor exponentially clear proportional trends toward the syngas compositions because of the singular conditions. For example, only the 100% CO flame at low load emitted lots of CO, whereas complete combustion was observed in other cases. However, the qualitative observations showed that the root causes of NO_x emission behaviors were flame temperature and flame structure, which were directly related to the residence time in the flame. Various sets of practical test results were obtained, and these results could contribute to the optimal selection of the fuel-feeding condition when fuel is changed from natural gas to syngas in order to minimize NO_x and CO emissions with stable combustion.