Influence of CsNO_3 as electrolyte additive on electrochemical property of lithium anode in rechargeable battery

Lithium metal is one of the most promising anode materials for rechargeable battery with high energy density,but its practical use is still hindered by two main problems,namely,lithium dendrite growth and low Coulombic efficiency.To address the issues,cesium nitrate(CsNO3)is selected as the additive to modify the electrolyte for lithium secondary battery.Here we report electrochemical performance of lithium secondary battery with different concentration of CsNO3 as electrolyte additive.The study result demonstrates that Coulombic efficiency of Li–Cu cells and the lifetime of symmetric lithium cells contained CsNO3 additive are improved greatly.Li–Cu cell with 0.05 mol/L CsNO3 and 0.15 mol/L LiNO3 as electrolyte additive presents the best electrochemical performance,having the highest Coulombic efficiency of around 97%and the lowest interfacial resistance.With increasing the concentration of CsNO3 as electrolyte additive,the electrochemical performance of cells becomes poor.Meanwhile,the morphology of lithium deposited films with CsNO3-modified electrolyte become smoother and more uniform compared with the basic electrolyte.

Food Additives-Ascorbic Acid Quality Assay Test Intelligent Management

In this paper, based on the analysis and test methods of national standards （GB 14754-2010） and chemical analysis and test items carried out by chemical enterprises, a set of automatic processing of quality analysis test data of ascorbic acid products was developed by using access database technology and Visual Basic programming language system, and its stability was investigated. The results show that the software can manage intelligently all aspects of the quality analysis and test of ascorbic acid products, uploading timely the data and results of the analysis and inspection to the network and saving it for users, enterprises and quality management, which set up a network of information sharing platform to ensure the authenticity and reliability of measurement results, improving greatly the speed of data processing, saving valuable time, reducing production costs with good economic efficiency and social benefit. It has practical value for ascorbic acid quality analysis test data processing automatically the results of the implementation of intelligent management.

Autocatalytic deposition of copper from modified electrolytes and its characteristics

The electroless deposition process of copper plating consisting of TEA and EDTA as complexing agents,paraformaldehyde as reducing agent,and 2-mercaptobenzothiozole as stabilizer and gelatin and animal glue as additives was investigated.The stability of the electroless copper solution was monitored by measuring the absorbance of the solution with a UV-Visible spectrophotometer and the solution was quite stable up to 15 h.The adhesion of copper films on mild steel foil was assessed by standard bend test and exhibited good adhesion.The XRD results indicate that the copper films have a(111) texture.Moreover,the additives suppress the predominant(111) plane crystal growth and increase the rate of(220) texture crystal growth.The crystal size of the copper films was calculated using the Scherrer formula from the predominant peak.SEM and AFM studies reveal that these two additives modify the crystal structure,grain size and surface morphology of the copper films.The cyclic voltammetry studies reveal that the additives are adsorbed on the electrode surface and inhibit the rate of deposition.Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance studies reveal that the deposits produced in the presence of additives display higher corrosion resistance.

Effect of inorganic additives on physical and chemical properties of PEO-LiClO_4 polymer electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries

Inorganic additives-added PEO-based solid composite polymer electrolyte (SCPE) was prepared using solution casting method. The effects of LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 on the physical and chemical properties of the electrolyte were investigated. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The electrochemical performances of SCPE were measured. Results show that properties of the SCPE are improved significantly by adding LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 into PEO polymer electrolyte. Its conductivity reaches 5×10-4 S/cm(25 ℃) while retaining good mechanical and processing properties.

Study on Drying Process of 3Al_2O_3·2SiO_2 Mullite Gel

Monophasic mullite gel with composition 3Al2O3·2SiO2 was prepared by the sol-gel method using aluminium nitrate nonahydrate, aluminium-tri-isopropoxide, and tetraethylorthosili-cate as reagents. Gels with different drying control chemical additives(DCCAs) and polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP) as spinning assistant were dried at several temperatures. The influences of temperature, DCCAs and PVP in the drying process were investigated. N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF) was the optimum DCCA at 70℃ in the drying process. PVP decreased the solvent volatilization speed and prevented gel crack to a certain extent. FTIR results revealed that free water, ethanol, and isopropanol were completely removed by the drying procedure.

Utilization of coal-derived pyrite by electrolysis

The utilization of coal derived pyrite by electrolysis was studied. It is obvious that the sulfur and Fe in pyrite can be electrolyzed into Fe 3+ and SO 2- 4, and the no pollutant is drained off. In this paper, the influence of conditions, including electrolysis potential, time, temperature, the acidity of electrolysis solutions, the concentration of adding agent, the concentration of pyrite, and the rate of conversion of pyrite (Cr) was investigated. Cr increases with the rise of potential, time, temperature, acidity and the concentration of additive agent, but decreases with the rise of concentration of pyrite. At the certain conditions (at the potential of 3 0 V, temperature of 298 K, time of 12 h, the concentration of MnSO 4 of 6%, concentration of pyrite of 4%, and concentration of acid of 10%), Cr is high to 93%. In the same time, the mechanism of electrolysis of pyrite was provided. The electrolysis of pyrite is actually the recycle of Mn ion between anodic surface and pyrite. At last, the production of FeSO 4·7H 2O through electrolysis of pyrite was introduced.

Enhanced Anaerobic Treatment of Textile Wastewater by Chemical Additive

The textile processing plants utilize a wide variety of dyes and other chemicals such as acids, bases, salts, detergents, sizes, oxidants, mercerizing and finishing chemicals. Many of these are not retained in the final product and are discharged in the effluent. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the performance of Expanded Granular Sludge Bed （EGSB） reactor to treat synthetic textile wastewater. Several experiments using Direct Red 81 and volatile fatty acids as model substrates were conducted. The problems of decolorization was evaluated at a variety of relevant operational conditions, such as substrate concentration, organic and hydraulic loading rates. The results showed that retention time of EGSB equals 1.6 h and 80 mg/L at the hydraulic and dye concentration respectively, and that the color removal efficiency can reach 90%. Additionally, some chemical additions were proposed to improve the decolorization rate and increase the treatment efficiency of the system. For instance, sulfide was added at 200 mg/L in the influent, which can increase the dye removal efficiency to 95%.

Effect of Additives on the Performance of Lead Acid Batteries

Effect of titanium dioxide （TiO2） and carbon additives in the respective positive and negative material properties and the influence on the performance of the battery were investigated. The electrode samples were characterized by BET （Brunauer Emmett Teller）, XRD （X-ray diffractometer）, SEM （scanning electron microscopy） and EIS （electrochemical impedance spectroscopy） to understand the surface area, phase, structure, morphology and electrical conductivity of the respective electrode material. The surface area was obtained as 2.312 m2＂g＂l and 0.892 m2＂g＂1, respectively for 12% of activated carbon in the expander of negative and 0.70% of TiO2 （Titanium dioxide） in the PAM （positive active material）. The structural analysis reveals an increase in the tetrabasic lead sulfate and also evidenced by well grown crystals in the PAM with the TiO2, respectively obtained by XRD and SEM techniques. The impedance spectra analysis shows an increase of electrical conductivity of negative active mass with temperature. The battery results showing two fold enhancements in the charge acceptance were attributed to the high surface area activated carbon in the NAM （negative active material）. The materials properties of electrodes and their influence on the battery performance were discussed.

Investigation of Natural Essential Oil Antioxidant Activity on Peroxidase Enzyme in Selected Vegetables

The aim of this work was to study the effect of essential oils as natural antioxidant for inhibition of peroxidase enzyme activity. Peroxidase enzyme is one of the most important enzymes in plant tissue which can bind to hydrogen peroxide and produce an activated complex that can react with a wide range of donor molecules. Therefore inactivation of the enzyme may increase the shelf life of raw and un-blanched frozen vegetables. In order to inactivate of the enzyme several physical and chemical treatments among them heating （blanching）, lowering pH or aw or adding chemical additives can be used, however each of the above mentioned methods has a kind of shortcoming. Our results indicated that crude extract of red cabbage and cabbage has the highest and potato and lettuce has the lowest peroxidase activity respectively （P〈0.05）. Although peroxidase resistance to essential oils varied among different vegetables but clove in all concentration had the best effects in decrease ofperoxidase activity （P〈0.05） whereas cumin and fennel were partially able to reduce the enzyme activity. （P〈0.05）.

Transition of electric activity of neurons induced by chemical and electric autapses

Autapse connected to the neuron can change the electric activity of neuron. The effect of autapse on neuronal activity is often described by adding an additive forcing current along a close loop, which is described by a time-delayed feedback on the membrane potential. Neuron often responds to electric autapse forcing sensitively and quickly, while the chemical autapse changes the electric activity of neuron slowly. By applying external forcing, a shift transition of electric activity can be more easily induced by the electric autapse than the chemical autapse. Our results confirm that chemical autapse can enhance and/or suppress the transition of electric activity with excitable or inhibitory type driven by electric autapse, vice versa. It indicates that an appropriate switch-off-on for autapse can make the neuron give different types of response to external forcing. Particularly, cooperation and competition between chemical and electric autapse help neuron response to external forcing in the most reliable way.

The electrochemical performance of super P carbon black in reversible Li/Na ion uptake

Super P carbon black (SPCB) has been widely used as a conducting additive in Li/Na ion batteries to improve the electronic conductivity. However, there has not yet been a comprehensive study on its structure and electrochemical properties for Li/Na ion uptake, though it is important to characterize its contribution in any study of active materials that uses this additive in non-negligible amounts. In this article the structure of SPCB has been characterized and a comprehensive study on the electrochemical Li/Na ion uptake capability and reaction mechanisms are reported. SPCB exhibits a considerable lithiation capacity (up to 310 mAh g^(–1)) from the Li ion intercalation in the graphite structure. Sodiation in SPCB undergoes two stages: Na ion intercalation into the layers between the graphene sheets and the Na plating in the pores between the nano-graphitic domains, and a sodiation capacity up to 145 mAh g^(–1) has been achieved. Moreover, the influence of the type and content of binders on the lithiation and sodiation properties has been investigated. The cycling stability is much enhanced with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) binder in the electrode and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) in the electrolyte; and a higher content of binder improves the Coulombic efficiency during dis-/charge.