Negative energy balance in early lactating dairy cows results in a massive release of fatty acids （FA） into the blood in nonesterified fatty acids （NEFA） form. Large quantities of circulating NEFA may alter the se...Negative energy balance in early lactating dairy cows results in a massive release of fatty acids （FA） into the blood in nonesterified fatty acids （NEFA） form. Large quantities of circulating NEFA may alter the serum FA profile of phospholipids （PL） fraction, which is responsible for cellular plasma membrane integrity and intercellular signaling. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of subcutaneous fat stores, as assessed by body condition score （BCS） on a scale of one to five, around the time of calving and the subsequent lipomobilization on FA profile of serum NEFA and PL lipid fractions, and on productive performance. Based on BCS, cows were retrospectively dichotomized into two groups： over-conditioned （BCS _〉 3.25） and control （BCS _〈 3.0）. 22 cows had serum samples obtained at -28, -7, 8, 18 and 28 d relative to parturition and analyzed for the FA profile of the NEFA and PL fractions. As expected, over-conditioned cows had greater total plasma NEFA concentrations and decreased dry matter intake. Milk yield and composition did not differ between groups. More importantly however, several FA in the NEFA fraction of plasma lipids varied significantly, including C14：1, C16：0, C18：0 and C20：3n3. In the PL fraction, other FA varied significantly by BCS around time of parturition, including C16：0, C17：0, total C18：2 cis, and C20：2. In summary, BCS did affect FA profile of serum NEFA and PL lipid fractions. This may have drastic consequences for circulating immune cells and their ability to fight infection by altering their FA profile.展开更多
The fuels that hardly pollute water body and atmospheric environment during burning are regarded as clean fuels. Liquefied Petroleum Gas （LPG）, Compressed Natural Gas （CNG） and Liquefied Natural Gas （LNG） are th...The fuels that hardly pollute water body and atmospheric environment during burning are regarded as clean fuels. Liquefied Petroleum Gas （LPG）, Compressed Natural Gas （CNG） and Liquefied Natural Gas （LNG） are three representative clean fuels that are widely used in the shipping industry. From both ecological and economic point of view, LNG is treated as the best fuels in shipping industry by the ship-owners and Chinese government. In this paper, the wide applications of LNG-powered ships are analyzed from three aspects, including the global energy source structure, economic demands and the formulation of international conventions. Also, the functions of relevant domestic policies on how to accelerate LNG-powered ships widely used in inland waters of Yangtze river, China are summarized. At last, the reasons of the use of LNG-powered ships in inland waters of China in recent years under the impulsion of various factors are discussed in the end.展开更多
文摘Negative energy balance in early lactating dairy cows results in a massive release of fatty acids （FA） into the blood in nonesterified fatty acids （NEFA） form. Large quantities of circulating NEFA may alter the serum FA profile of phospholipids （PL） fraction, which is responsible for cellular plasma membrane integrity and intercellular signaling. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of subcutaneous fat stores, as assessed by body condition score （BCS） on a scale of one to five, around the time of calving and the subsequent lipomobilization on FA profile of serum NEFA and PL lipid fractions, and on productive performance. Based on BCS, cows were retrospectively dichotomized into two groups： over-conditioned （BCS _〉 3.25） and control （BCS _〈 3.0）. 22 cows had serum samples obtained at -28, -7, 8, 18 and 28 d relative to parturition and analyzed for the FA profile of the NEFA and PL fractions. As expected, over-conditioned cows had greater total plasma NEFA concentrations and decreased dry matter intake. Milk yield and composition did not differ between groups. More importantly however, several FA in the NEFA fraction of plasma lipids varied significantly, including C14：1, C16：0, C18：0 and C20：3n3. In the PL fraction, other FA varied significantly by BCS around time of parturition, including C16：0, C17：0, total C18：2 cis, and C20：2. In summary, BCS did affect FA profile of serum NEFA and PL lipid fractions. This may have drastic consequences for circulating immune cells and their ability to fight infection by altering their FA profile.
文摘The fuels that hardly pollute water body and atmospheric environment during burning are regarded as clean fuels. Liquefied Petroleum Gas （LPG）, Compressed Natural Gas （CNG） and Liquefied Natural Gas （LNG） are three representative clean fuels that are widely used in the shipping industry. From both ecological and economic point of view, LNG is treated as the best fuels in shipping industry by the ship-owners and Chinese government. In this paper, the wide applications of LNG-powered ships are analyzed from three aspects, including the global energy source structure, economic demands and the formulation of international conventions. Also, the functions of relevant domestic policies on how to accelerate LNG-powered ships widely used in inland waters of Yangtze river, China are summarized. At last, the reasons of the use of LNG-powered ships in inland waters of China in recent years under the impulsion of various factors are discussed in the end.
