从比较法的视野看中国宪法界域内人权的渐构性

对于人权理论及制度的建构来说,我们是从西方法治发达国家引进的泊来品,但是我们自身也包含有本土资源性的“民为邦本,本固邦宁”的民本思想,在我国提出以人为本的科学发展路径,并将保障人权写入宪法当中,促进了学者们对人权体系建构的思考热潮,文章从比较法的角度,探讨了人权保障在主要西方发达国家的历史路径当中体现出渐进性特征,因此我国以宪法确立的人权和公民权利保障体系的建构,也将是渐构而成的。

A Broadband Long-Wavelength Superluminescent Diode Based on Graded Composition Bulk InGaAs

A novel unselective regrowth buried heterostructure long-wavelength superluminescent diode （SLD） with a graded composition bulk InGaAs active region is developed by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy （MOVPE）. At a 150mA injection current, the full width at half maximum of the emission spectrum of the SLD is about 72nm, ranging from 1602 to 1674nm. The emission spectrum is smooth and flat. The ripple of the spectrum is less than 0.3dB at any wavelength from 1550 to 1700nm. An output power of 4.3mW is obtained at a 200mA injection current under continuous-wave operation at room temperature. This device is suitable for the applications of light sources for gas detectors and L-band optical fiber communications.

Uniform asymptotics for finite-time ruin probability in some dependent compound risk models with constant interest rate

Consider two dependent renewal risk models with constant interest rate. By using some methods in the risk theory, uniform asymptotics for finite-time ruin probability is derived in a non-compound risk model, where claim sizes are upper tail asymptotically independent random variables with dominatedly varying tails, claim inter-arrival times follow the widely lower orthant dependent structure, and the total amount of premiums is a nonnegative stochastic process. Based on the obtained result, using the method of analysis for the tail probability of random sums, a similar result in a more complex and reasonable compound risk model is also obtained, where individual claim sizes are specialized to be extended negatively dependent and accident inter-arrival times are still widely lower orthant dependent, and both the claim sizes and the claim number have dominatedly varying tails.

Ultra-wideband bilateral tapered slot-line antenna fed by coplanar waveguide

In order to broaden the bandwidth of a tapered slot- line antenna （TSA）, a bilateral tapered slot-line antenna （BTSA） with a new feeding structure of coplanar waveguide （CPW） is developed. Based on the fact that the bandwidth limitation of TSA mainly depends on its feeding structure, an improved CPW-based feed structure etched on the backboard of the BTSA is adopted to perform traveling-wave transition. Both the simulation results and measurement data verify that the proposed feeding structure results in ＂high-pass＂ frequency response for antenna impedance matching. The voltage standing wave ratio （VSWR） is less than 2：1 when the frequency is higher than 3 GHz. The antenna gain exceeds 7 dBi with good radiation patterns when the bandwidth is from 4 to 16 GHz. This ultra wideband （UWB） antenna with a compact size is specially available for the electronic systems of counter-measure and microwave imaging.

Barrier Structure Design for Fattening Pigs in Large-scale Pig House with Fermentation Bed

[Objective] The large-scale single-column fattening pig house with fermen- tation bed could hold 1 500 heads of fattening pigs. Since the number of pigs in piggery is too large, the management is difficult. The behavior of feeding, drinking, movement, sleeping, fighting of pigs is difficult to handle. The pigs cannot be man- aged well, resulting in the enhanced weakness of piglets, enhanced illness of weak pigs and missing treatment of ill pigs. The management for the pig populations is not satisfactory, and thus, it is needed to improve timely. [Method] The barriers for the fattening pigs in the large-scale pig house with fermentation bed were designed. The single management for single fattening pig was proposed. The large-scale fat- tening pig house was divided into 8 regions. Among them, 4 regions were located in both sides of the fermentation bed. Their main function was to separate ill, weak, small and bad pigs. In addition, the main column was divided into 4 gradual barri- ers. They were used to separate different-size fattening pigs. In view of manage- ment, the different-type pigs were managed dividedly with the gradual barriers. The equally-sized pigs were concentrated into one column. The ill, weak, small and bad pigs were isolated into barriers. Thus, the dynamic management was adopted. Until the fattening pigs grew up to 75 kg and their health was stable, the barriers among the columns were canceled to mix the pigs again and guarantee the pigs more gymnastic space. [Result] This design would improve the disease resistance of ill pigs, health status of weak pigs and management level of pig populations. This study would also provide a basis for the healthy running of large-scale fattening pig house with fermentation bed. [Conclusion] The pig-raising model with fermentation bed would improve the environment of pig house and the welfare of pigs. In addi- tion, the performance of pigs and quality of pork were also improved. The fermen- tation bed had an obvious advantage in safety and economics, and it had a broad application prospect.

Consensus and formation control of discrete-time multi-agent systems

Consensus problems for discrete-time multi-agent systems were focused on. In order to design effective consensus protocols, which were aimed at ensuring that the concerned states of agents converged to a common value, a new consensus protocol for general discrete-time multi-agent system was proposed based on Lyapunov stability theory. For discrete-time multi-agent systems with desired trajectory, trajectory tracking and formation control problems were studied. The main idea of trajectory tracking problems was to design trajectory controller such that each agent tracked desired trajectory. For a type of formation problem with fixed formation structure, the formation structure set was introduced. According to the formation structure set, each agent can track its individual desired trajectory. Finally, simulations were provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results. The mlmerical results show that the states of agents converge to zero with consensus protocol, which is said to achieve a consensus asymptotically. In addition, through designing appropriate trajectory controllers, the simulation results show that agents converge to the desired trajectory asymptotically and can form different formations.

Monte Carlo Simulation of First-Order Diffusion-Limited Reaction within Three-Dimensional Porous Pellets

The Monte Carlo method was employed to simulate diffusion and reaction processes within three-dimensional porous catalyst pellets. The porous pellets used were represented by a Menger sponge and a uniform-pore structure respectively. Results obtained from the fractal pellet showed an intermediate low-slope asymptote in the logarithmic plot of reaction rate and reaction probability. However, the low-slope one did not appear when the reaction occurred within the uniform pellet. Moreover, it was certified that the fractal structure not only generated a new asymptote, but also reduced diffusion resistance of reactants and products.

Analysis on Genomic Structure Changes and Diversity of Introgression Lines in Dongxiang Wild Rice(Oryza rufipogon Griff.)

[Objective] The aim of the study was to make research on genomic struc- ture variation and variety analysis of Dongxiang wild rice. [Method] Introgression groups of BC1F6 were based on donor of Oryza rufipogon Griff. and receptor of O. sativa sp. indica Kate. Strains of 239 in the group were analyzed on Polymor- phism with the help of 25 couples of SSR primers distributed in 12 pairs of chromo- somes. [Result] Gene fragments of O. rufipogon Griff. were found penetrated in the 25 microsatellite sites and most of the groups kept the parents of Xieqinzao B or DNA sequence of O. rufipogon Griff. The average rate of recurrent homozygous bands was 78.13% in the ILs, but the highest was 94.98% （amplified by primer RM131） and the lowest was 60.25% （RM171）. The average rate of donor homozy- gous bands was 13.37%, but the highest was 32.64% （RM171） and the lowest was 2.93% （RM1095）. There were numerous heterozygous sites in the population and the average heterozygosis rate was 5.62%, while the highest was 10.04%（RM401）. Moreover, we found some parental fragments were lost and some novel fragments were not detected in either parent in BC1F6 population. The average rate of lost bands was 2.88%, while the highest was 13.39% （RM311） and the lowest was 0 （RM401）. The average rate of new bands was 1%. The average of Nei＇s gene di- versity （He） and Shannon＇s Information index （I） were 0.276 and 0.457 respectively in high generation of introgression lines. [Conclusion] The study demonstrated that distant hybridization led to extensive genetic and epigenetic variations in high gener- ation of introgression lines, which expanded the base of genetic variation and laid an important foundation for rice improvement and germplasm innovation.

Analysis on resonant shake table with novel variable stiffness mechanism

To improve the efficiency and amplify the exciting force of a shake table,a novel variable stiffness mechanism(VSM)constructed by four leaf spring-lever combinations(LSLCs)was designed.Three VSMs were installed in parallel on the traditional hydraulic shake table to constitute a resonant shake table(RST).The static model of the VSM and the dynamic model of the RST were constructed by considering the large deflection of leaf springs and the geometrical nonlinearity of L-shaped levers.The variable stiffness property of LSLCs was analyzed and verified through static experiments.The simulation and vibration experiments on the dynamic properties of the RST prototype were conducted.The results show that compared with traditional shake tables,the RST consumes lower exciting force in a specified frequency bandwidth when outputting the same displacement of vibration.Under a harmonic vibrational excitation,the RST is effective for vibration enhancement using broadband frequency resonance and can save energy to some extent.The broadband resonance technology exhibits considerable potential in practical engineering applications.

Dynamic Behavior of a Predator-prey System with Stage-structure for Prey

In this paper, we considered the predator-prey system with stage-structure for prey, where the predators predate immature preys only. The positivity and boundedness of the solutions and asymptotic stability of equilibrium were firstly discussed, and then uniformly persistent sufficient conditions of populations were found.

Design and dynamic simulation for the transmission mechanism of drum-shaped gear with ring-involute teeth

The new mechanism of drum-shaped gear with ring-involute teeth is presented to implement dimensional transmission for the stairlift. The structure of the gear and rack in this actuating mechanism is designed, and then its inherent radius of turn and modulus selection have been studied. In order to make the mechanism move steadily, the drive guide is proposed. After using the dynamics simulation software ADAMS to analyze the 3D model, this kind of mechanism is confirmed to be able to implement dimensional track. The useful method and basis would be provided for the optimization design of the mechanism.

Asymptotic Inefficiency of Incomplete Asset Markets and Symmetric Event Trees

Demonstrating theoretically the possibility that the financial market, albeit incomplete, has equilibrium and that this equilibrium is efficient and has been an important topic at the frontier of the research on general equilibrium for financial markets. The paper examines the asymptotic properties of incomplete financial markets taking into accounting the asset structure. The paper deals with a case in which a structure of securities relates to the asymptotic inefficiency.

On higher-dimensional contrast structure of singularly perturbed Dirichlet problem

In this paper,we address the existence and asymptotic analysis of higher-dimensional contrast structure of singularly perturbed Dirichlet problem.Based on the existence,an asymptotical analysis of a steplike contrast structure (i.e.,an internal transition layer solution) is studied by the boundary function method via a proposed smooth connection.In the framework of this paper,we propose a first integral condition,under which the existence of a heteroclinic orbit connecting two equilibrium points is ensured in a higher-dimensional fast phase space.Then,the step-like contrast structure is constructed,and the internal transition time is determined.Meanwhile,the uniformly valid asymptotical expansion of such an available step-like contrast structure is obtained.Finally,an example is presented to illustrate the result.

ON AN SIS EPIDEMIC MODEL WITH STAGE STRUCTURE

A SIS infectious disease model with stage structure consisting of immature and mature stages is proposed using a discrete time delay. The aim of the paper is to investigate under which conditions the disease becomes endemic or not and to find the difference between the model with stage structure and the corresponding model without stage structure. It is shown that either there exists a unique endemic equilibrium point which is globally asymptotically stable or the disease dies out by using an iterative scheme. The effect of the time delay on the populations at equilibria is considered.

Congruent elliptic curves with non-trivial Shafarevich-Tate groups： Distribution part

Given a large positive number x and a positive integer k, we denote by Qk(x) the set of congruent elliptic curves E(n): y2= z3- n2 z with positive square-free integers n x congruent to one modulo eight,having k prime factors and each prime factor congruent to one modulo four. We obtain the asymptotic formula for the number of congruent elliptic curves E(n)∈ Qk(x) with Mordell-Weil ranks zero and 2-primary part of Shafarevich-Tate groups isomorphic to(Z/2Z)2. We also get a lower bound for the number of E(n)∈ Qk(x)with Mordell-Weil ranks zero and 2-primary part of Shafarevich-Tate groups isomorphic to(Z/2Z)4. The key ingredient of the proof of these results is an independence property of residue symbols. This property roughly says that the number of positive square-free integers n x with k prime factors and residue symbols(quadratic and quartic) among its prime factors being given compatible values does not depend on the actual values.

IDENTIFICATION ERROR BOUNDS AND ASYMPTOTIC DISTRIBUTIONS FOR SYSTEMS WITH STRUCTURAL UNCERTAINTIES

This work is concerned with identification of systems that are subject to not only measurement noises, but also structural uncertainties such as unmodeled dynamics, sensor nonlinear mismatch, and observation bins. Identification errors are analyzed for their dependence on these structural uncertainties. Asymptotic distributions of scaled sequences of estimation errors are derived.

Small value probabilities for continuous state branching processes with immigration

We consider the small value probability of supercritical continuous state branching processes with immigration. From Pinsky （1972） it is known that under regularity condition on the branching mechanism and immigration mechanism, the normalized population size converges to a non-degenerate finite and positive limit PV as t tends to infinity. We provide sharp estimate on asymptotic behavior of P（W≤ε〈） as ε→ 0＋ by studying the Laplace transform of W. Without immigration, we also give a simpler proof for the small value probability in the non-subordinator case via the prolific backbone decomposition.

Asymptotic Behavior of a Structure Made by a Plate and a Straight Rod

This paper is devoted to describing the asymptotic behavior of a structure made by a thin plate and a thin perpendicular rod in the framework of nonlinear elasticity. The authors scale the applied forces in such a way that the level of the total elastic energy leads to the Von-Karman＇s equations （or the linear model for smaller forces） in the plate and to a one-dimensional rod-model at the limit. The junction conditions include in particular the continuity of the bending in the plate and the stretching in the rod at the junction.

A novel stiffness prediction method with constructed microscopic displacement field for periodic beam-like structures

This paper presents a novel stiffness prediction method for periodic beam-like structures based on the two-scale equivalence at different strain states.The macroscopic fields are achieved within the framework of Timoshenko beam theory,while the microscopic fields are obtained by the newly constructed displacement form within the framework of three-dimensional(3D)elasticity theory.The new displacement form draws lessons from that in the asymptotic homogenization method(AHM),but the present field governing equations or boundary conditions for the first two order influence functions are constructed and very different from the way they were defined in the AHM.The constructed displacement form,composed of one homogenized and two warping terms,can accurately describe the deformation mode of beam-like structures.Then,with the new displacement form,the effective stiffness is achieved by the equivalence principle of macro-and microscopic fields.The finite element formulations of the proposed method are presented,which are easy to implement.Numerical examples validate that the present method can well predict both diagonal and coupling stiffness of periodic composite beams.

An age-structured model of the human papillomavirus dynamics and optimal vaccine control

We formulate an age-structured model based on a system of nonlinear partial differen- tial equations to assist the early and catch up female vaccination programs for human papillomavirus （HPV） types 6 and 11. Since these HPV types do not induce permanent immunity, the model, which stratifies the population based on age and gender, has a susceptible-infectious-susceptible （SIS） structure. We calculate the effective reproduction number Rv for the model and describe the local-asymptotic stability of the disease-free equilibrium using Rv. We prove the existence of an endemic equilibrium for Rv 〉 1 for the no vaccine case. However, analysis of the model for the vaccine case reveals that it undergoes the phenomenon of backward bifurcation. To support our theoretical results, we estimate the age and time solution with the given data for Toronto population, when an early and catch up female vaccine program is adopted, and when there is no vaccine. We show that early and catch up female vaccine program eliminates the infection in both male and female populations over a period of 30 years. Finally, we introduce the optimal control to an age-dependent model based on ordinary differential equations and solve it numerically to obtain the most cost-effective method for introducing the catch up vaccine into the population.