土压盾构非满舱掘进时压缩空气与地层适应性分析

针对气压辅助工法应用越来越多工程实践,基于Geostudio Air/w建立的气-水-固耦合数值计算模型,探讨了不同盾构隧道顶部埋深、上覆闭气层厚度、地层性质以及盾构压力舱空舱高度对开挖面渗气量的影响。结果表明:分析广州地铁21号线某区间土压盾构气压辅助工法的应用案例,压缩空气渗气量控制在1.2 m^(3)·min^(-1)内,在开挖面建立稳定的支护压力,确保盾构掘进达到微扰动控制水平;闭气能力强的粉质黏土和黏土地层土压盾构掘进时,通过向压力舱注入少量压缩空气可以更好的保持开挖面支护压力的稳定;渗透系数较大、地质分布不均的砂卵石、上软下硬地层,难以进行满舱掘进时,可根据隧道埋深和上覆闭气层厚度来选择合适的空舱高度,确保压缩空气逃逸量小于产气量;土压盾构穿越渗透性地层,上覆闭气层厚度在10.0 m以上、或埋深大于28.0 m时,压缩空气逃逸量较少,也不易发生压缩空气逃逸冒顶。

衡盾泥在带压开舱时的闭气保压效果研究

为研究衡盾泥在带压开舱时的闭气保压效果,通过室内试验及理论计算的方法对衡盾泥的泥膜气密性进行分析。结果表明:1)3 d龄期的衡盾泥泥膜中自由水所占比例约为10%;2)在0.292 MPa压力下,改良黏土浆体泥水质量比为1∶2、塑化剂掺入质量比为1/20、成膜龄期为3 d的衡盾泥泥膜,仅1.7%的孔隙可能出现渗气;3)衡盾泥泥膜渗气系数为10^(-8)~10^(-7)cm^3/s,换算到直径为6 m的隧道开挖断面上,泥膜的渗气量为2~3 m^3/h,盾构开舱时配置的空压机完全满足补气条件。

Coal reservoir characteristics and their controlling factors in the eastern Ordos basin in China

In the eastern Ordos basin, due to the diversity of the tectonic setting, coal rank, gas content and permeability, coal reservoirs have differing characteristics. In this paper, based on coal reservoir geometry, gas content, adsorption capacity, pores and fissures developments and permeability data, the coalbed methane(CBM) reservoir characteristics and their controlling factors in the eastern Ordos basin is discussed. The results show that, due to undergoing different paleo-temperatures in the geological history,coal rank has a higher trend from the north part to the south and from the shallow part to the inward basin, which determines CBM distribution and recoverability. In the north, although having large coal thickness and high permeability, Zhungeer-Xingxian coal rank is low, and gas content is small. In the central part, with medium rank, higher gas content and relatively high permeability, and the Wubao-Liulin area is the most favorable area in the eastern Ordos basin. In the southern part, medium and high metamorphism coal occurs, and although having the highest gas content, the permeability in the Hancheng area is low due to the development of sheared coal.

Influence of nickel silicides presence on hardness,elastic modulus and fracture toughness of gas-borided layer produced on Nisil-alloy

The two-stage gas boriding in N_(2)−H_(2)−BCl_(3)atmosphere was applied to producing a two-zoned borided layer on Nisil-alloy.The process was carried out at 910℃ for 2 h.The microstructure consisted of two zones differing in their phase composition.The outer layer contained only a mixture of nickel borides(Ni_(2)B,Ni_(3)B)only.The inner zone contained additionally nickel silicides(Ni_(2)Si,Ni_(3)Si)occurring together with nickel borides.The aim of this study was to determine the presence of nickel silicides on the mechanical properties of the borided layer produced on Ni-based alloy.The hardness and elastic modulus were measured using the nanoindenter with a Berkovich diamond tip under a load of 50 mN.The average values of indentation hardness(HI)and indentation elastic modulus(E_(I))obtained in the outer zone were respectively(16.32±1.03)GPa and(232±16.15)GPa.The presence of nickel silicides in the inner zone reduced the indentation hardness(6.8−12.54 GPa)and elastic modulus(111.79−153.99 GPa).The fracture toughness of the boride layers was investigated using a Vickers microindentation under a load of 0.981 N.It was confirmed that the presence of nickel silicides caused an increase in brittleness(by about 40%)of the gas-borided layer.

Analytical solution of coal-bed methane migration with slippage effects in hypotonic reservoir

Using theoretical analysis, the single-phase gas seepage mathematical model influenced by slippage effects was established. The results show that the pressure of producing wells attenuates more violently than the wells without slippage effects. The decay rate of reservoir pressure is more violent as the Klinkenherg factor increases. The gas prediction output gradually increases as the Klinenberg factor increases when considering gas slippage effects. Through specific examples, analyzed the law of stope pore pressure and gas output forecast changing in a hypotonic reservoir with slippage effects. The results have great theoretical significance in the study of the law of coal-bed methane migration in hypotonic reservoirs and for the exploitation of coal-bed methane.

Pore-scale simulation of gas-water flow in low permeability gas reservoirs

A novel method was developed to establish a realistic three dimensional(3D) network model representing pore space in low permeability sandstone.Digital core of rock sample was established by the combination of micro-CT scanning and image processing,then 3D pore-throat network model was extracted from the digital core through analyzing pore space topology,calculating pore-throat parameters and simplifying the shapes of pores and throats.The good agreements between predicted and measured porosity and absolute permeability verified the validity of this new network model.Gas-water flow mechanism was studied by using pore-scale simulations,and the influence of pore structure parameters,including coordination number,aspect ratio and shape factor,on gas-water flow,was investigated.The present simulation results show that with the increment of coordination number,gas flow ability in network improves and the effect of invading water on blocking gas flow weakens.The smaller the aspect ratio is,the stronger the anisotropy of the network is,resulting in the increase of seepage resistance.It is found that the shape factor mainly affects the end points in relative permeability curves,and for a highly irregular pore or throat with a small shape factor,the irreducible water saturation(Swi) and residual gas saturation(Sgr) are relatively high.

Methane adsorption-induced coal swelling measured with an optical method

In order to quantify the effect of matrix shrinkage on reservoir permeability during coalbed methane production, coal samples from Huozhou, Changzhi and Jincheng areas in Shanxi province （classified as high-volatile bituminous coal, low-volatile bituminous coal and anthracite, respectively） were collected, and adsorption-induced coal swelling in methane were determined by an optical method at 40 ℃ and pressure up to 12 MPa. All three coals showed similar behavior-that swelling increased as a function of pressure up to about 10 MPa but thereafter no further increase in swelling was observed. Swelling in the direction perpendicular to the bedding plane is greater than that parallel to the bedding plane, and the differences are about 7.77-8.33%. The maximum volumetric swelling ranges from 2.73% to 3.21 %-increasing with increasing coal rank. The swelling data can be described by a modified DR model. In addition, swelling increases with the amount of adsorption. However, the increase shows a relatively slower stage followed by a relatively faster stage instead of a linear increase. Based on the assumption that sorption-induced swelling/shrinkage of coal in methane is reversible, the permeability increases induced by coal shrinkage during methane desorption was analyzed, and the results indicate that the permeability change is larger for higher rank coal in the same unit of pressure depletion.

Pulsating hydraulic fracturing technology in low permeability coal seams

Based on the difficult situation of gas drainage in a single coal bed of high gas content and low perme- ability, we investigate the technology of pulsating hydraulic pressure relief, the process of crank plunger movement and the mechanism of pulsating pressure formation using theoretical research, mathematical modeling and field testing. We analyze the effect of pulsating pressure on the formation and growth of fractures in coal by using the pulsating hydraulic theory in hydraulics. The research results show that the amplitude of fluctuating pressure tends to increase in the case where the exit is blocked, caused by pulsating pressure reflection and frictional resistance superposition, and it contributes to the growth of fractures in coal. The crack initiation pressure of pulsating hydraulic fracturing is 8 MPa, which is half than that of normal hydraulic fracturing; the pulsating hydraulic fracturing influence radius reaches 8 m. The total amount of gas extraction is increased by 3.6 times, and reaches 50 LJmin at the highest point. The extraction flow increases greatly, and is 4 times larger than that of drilling without fracturing and 1.2 times larger than that of normal hydraulic fracturing. The technology provides a technical measure for gas drainage of high gas content and low permeability in the single coal bed.