复杂条件下复合地基固结解析理论研究

与砂井地基相比,复合地基具有桩体压缩模量较大、直径较大、受荷后应力向桩体集中以及桩体发生侧向膨胀等特点,因此,复合地基固结虽然类似于砂井地基固结但又与之不同。针对现有复合地基固结理论不能合理充分地考虑复合地基这些特点的不足,基于复合地基桩、土共同承担外部荷载的原则,提出一个新的关于复合地基固结初始条件,并对复合地基施工扰动引起的土体渗透系数变化、附加应力随深度和时间变化、桩体固结压缩、土体非线性以及桩、土发生侧向变形等复杂情况下的复合地基固结问题进行了较详细深入的研究,主要的工作和创新成果如下:(1)给出能同时考虑扰动区土体渗透系数变化、附加应力既随时间变化又随深度变化的复合地基固结普遍解,以及荷载单级施加、附加应力沿深度线性变化时超静孔压和平均固结度的具体表达式,并对地基的固结性状和桩–土应力比的发展规律进行了分析。(2)鉴于传统桩周流量连续的假定与等应变条件矛盾,对现行桩周流量连续假定进行了修正,建立新的能够考虑桩体压缩的复合地基固结控制方程,给出瞬时加荷和附加应力沿深度均匀分布情况下复合地基超静孔压和平均固结度的表达式,将其与以往解答进行了对比,分析复合地基的固结性状。研究结果表明:采用修正的桩周流量连续条件给出的地基平均固结度小于传统桩周连续假定给出的平均固结度,而且,随着井径比的减小,两者之间的差值变大。(3)为考虑由于桩径较大而实际存在于桩体内的径向渗流,建立能考虑桩体内的径、竖向组合渗流的复合地基固结控制方程,引入2个新的边界条件,并给出相应解析解。对比分析结果表明:所给出的解答可以合理地退化到5种简单情况下的地基固结解答;不考虑桩体内径向渗流将高估复合地基固结度速率,而且,井径比越小,高估值越大。(4)通过引入广为认同的土体孔隙比和有效应力以及孔隙比和渗透系数的对数关系,考虑土体固结过程中压缩模量非线性增长和渗透系数非线性减小的特征,给出一种复合地基非线性固结解析解,并对复合地基的非线性固结性状进行了分析。分析结果表明:考虑非线性时按应力和按变形定义的2种固结度不相等,并且按变形定义的固结度一般大于按应力定义的固结度;当压缩指数小于渗透指数时,不考虑土体的非线性特征会低估地基的固结度;而当压缩指数大于渗透指数时,不考虑土体的非线性则会高估地基的固结度。对于按应力定义的固结度来说,当压缩指数小于渗透指数时,随着附加应力的增大,地基固结速度加快,而当压缩指数大于渗透指数时,附加应力增大,地基固结减慢;对于按变形定义的固结度而言,不论压缩指数大于还是小于渗透指数,复合地基固结速度总是随着附加应力增大而加快。(5)在竖向变形相等的条件下,给出能考虑桩体和土体在固结过程中发生侧向变形的复合地基固结解析解,并对该解和不考虑桩、土侧向变形的现有解答进行比较。结果表明:考虑桩体的侧向变形会降低地基的固结速率。最后分析桩体和土体的变形模量和泊松比对地基固结的影响以及桩–土应力比随时间的发展规律,结果表明:桩、土的泊松比越小,地基固结越快;桩、土的弹性模量之比越大,变形模量之比越大,则复合地基固结越快;考虑桩、土的侧向变形后,复合地基的桩–土应力比虽然随固结逐渐增大,但与现有理论预测的不同,该应力比不会增长到桩–土模量比的值。

预压时效对Asaoka法预测精度的影响

Asaoka法是以土体固结系数保持不变为前提推导而来,而工程中压缩模量和渗透系数的改变会引起固结系数的变化。借助ABAQUS软件,研究预压时效和渗透系数变化对Asaoka法预测精度的影响,分析一般性粘土和软土在常规渗透系数和变渗透系数下预压时效对Asaoka法预测最终沉降的影响。结果表明:预压期越长,Asaoka法推算的最终沉降量越大,相对误差越小;变渗透系数下相同预压时间的Asaoka法预测精度明显小于常规渗透系数下的预测精度,其中以软土的差别最大;Asaoka法运用于渗透系数较小的软土中在较长的预压期内预测精度较高。

不同条件下固液二相流在多孔隙介质中入渗规律

针对生产实际中存在大量二相流在多孔介质中的入渗滞留问题,采用细粒石英砂配置成悬浊液进行砂柱渗透正交模拟实验,研究不同因素对二相流入渗的影响。选定了多孔介质粒径、二相流颗粒粒径、二相流质量分数、水头高度等4项因素,分别取3项水平因子,制定L9(34)正交试验表,然后进行砂柱实验。采用渗透系数变化率ks指标来表征各因素对多孔介质渗透性能的影响程度。结果表明,上述各因素对砂柱渗透系数变化率的影响程度由低到高依次为二相流质量分数、二相流颗粒粒径、水头高度、多孔介质粒径,多孔介质粒径是本实验的主要影响因素。

Unsaturated expansive soil fissure characteristics combined with engineering behaviors

The relationship among the surface fissure ratio, moisture content, seepage coefficient and deformation modulus of field unsaturated expansive soil in Nanning, Guangxi Province, China, was obtained by a direct or indirect method. Digital images of expansive soil of the surface fissure with different moisture contents were analyzed with the binarization statistic method. In addition, the fissure fractal dimension was computed with a self-compiled program. Combined with in situ seepage and loading plate tests, the relationship among the surface fissure ratio, moisture content, seepage coefficient and deformation modulus was initially established. The surface fissure ratio and moisture content show a linear relation, ＂y=-0.019 1x＋1.028 5＂ for rufous expansive soil and ＂y=-0.07 1x＋2.610 5＂ for grey expansive soil. Soil initial seepage coefficient and surface fissure ratio show a power function relation, ＂y=1× 10^-9exp（15.472x）＂ for rufous expansive soil and ＂y=5× 10^-7exp（4.209 6x）＂ for grey expansive soil. Grey expansive soil deformation modulus and surface fissure ratio show a power fimction relation of ＂y=3.935 7exp（0.993 6x）＂. Based on the binarization and fractal dimension methods, the results show that the surface fissure statistics can depict the fissure distribution in the view of two dimensions. And the evolvement behaviors of permeability and the deformation modulus can indirectly describe the developing state of the fissure. The analysis reflects that the engineering behaviors of unsaturated expansive soil are objectively influenced by fissure.

Effect of Working Temperature on the Resistance Characteristic of a Pleated Stainless Steel Woven Filter

Effect of working temperature on the resistance characteristic including the permeability coefficient and the pressure drop evolution of a pleated stainless steel woven filter with a nominal pore size of 0.5 μm has been studied. The permeability coefficient was obtained based on the pressure drop data and the Darcy＇s law. In three filtration experiments, pure carbon dioxide at 283 K, nitrogen at 85 K and liquid helium at 18 K are adopted, respectively. It is found that the permeability coefficient decreases at the working temperature due to the cold shrink of the filter element at cryogenic temperature. Then, two kinds of feed slurries, mixture of liquid nitrogen and solid carbon dioxide at 85 K, and mixture of liquid helium and solid nitrogen at 18 K, flow into the filter cell. The solid particles are deposited on the filter surface to form a filter cake and the purified liquid flows through the filter. It is found that the pressure drop evolution shows the same trend on these two temperatures, which can be divided into three stages with high filtration efficiency, indicating the feasibility of the filter for cryogenic application. However, variant cake resistances are obtained, which is resulted from the different interactions between solid particles in the feed slurry at lower working temperature.