高句丽遗民的渤海化进程

本文通过对历史文献资料的考据,对高句丽灭亡后,其遗民的归属进行考证,认为其遗民的相当大的一部分逐渐成为渤海居民,在渤海国的兴起和发展中发挥了重要的作用。

黑龙江流域渤海古城的初步研究

从20世纪至今,在黑龙江流域范围内,考古工作者发现了大量的渤海古城址,这些古城址不仅分布在河谷平原和江河两岸,且在原始森林中也有众多的渤海时期的山城。这些古城址的发现,不仅揭示了当时渤海国行政建制的规模,也为人们了解渤海国在黑龙江流域的城镇化过程提供了大量资料。因此,从黑龙江流域渤海古城的角度,人们可以窥见渤海国时期黑龙江流域迅速封建化的过程。

Impact of brine acidification on hatchability, survival and reproduction of Artemia parthenogenetica and Artemia franciscana in salt ponds, Bohai Bay, China

We studied the effect of pH （pH 5, 6, 7 and 8） on the hatching percentage, survival and reproduction of Artemia strains in Bohai Bay salt ponds. Strains included parthenogenetic Artemia from Bohai Bay （BHB）, Artemiafranciscana from San Francisco Bay, and A. franciscana artificially produced in salt ponds in Vietnam. The latter was included as a potential inoculum for biological management of salt ponds. The hatching percentage of cysts after 24 h and the survival rate of the tested Artemia strains were significantly reduced when exposed to a culture medium at pH 5 for 18 d （P〈0.05）. The tolerance of Artemia to 48 h acid exposure varied with developmental stage, increasing in the following order： juvenile, nauplii, pre-adult, with maximum tolerance in adults. All strains of Artemia tested could not reproduce at pH 5. At pH levels from pH 6-8, a higher pH generally resulted in a shorter brood interval and enhanced ovoviviparity. Hence, we suggest that brine acidification has a negative impact on Artemia populations in the Bohai Bay saltworks. Inoculation of Artemia with either local parthenogenetic Artemia or exotic A. franeiscana should be feasible at pH 7-8.

Modeling Study of Seasonal Variation of the Pelagic-Benthic Ecosystem Characteristics of the Bohai Sea

Based on experiment data of the Sino-German comprehensive investigations in the Bohai Sea in 1998 and 1999, a simple coupled pelagic-benthic ecosystem multi-box model is used to simulate the ecosystem seasonal variation. The pelagic sub-model consists of seven state variables： phytoplankton, zooplankton, TIN, TIP, DOC, POC and dissolved oxygen （DO）. The benthic sub-model includes macro-benthos, meiobenthos, bacteria, detritus, TIN and TIP in the sediment. Besides the effects of solar radiation, water temperature and the nutrient from sea bottom exudation, land-based inputs are considered. The impact of the advection terms between the boxes is also considered. Meanwhile, the effects of the micro- bial-loop are introduced with a simple parameterization. The seasonal variations and the horizontal distributions of the ecosystem state variables of the Bohai Sea are simulated. Compared with the observations, the results of the multi-box model are reasonable. The modeled results show that about 13% of the photosynthesis primary production goes to the main food loop, 20% transfers to the benthic domain, 44% is consumed by the respiration of phytoplankton, and the rest goes to DOC. Model results also show the importance of the microbial food loop in the ecosystem of the Bohai Sea, and its contribution to the annual zooplankton production can be 60%-64%.

Application of Artificial Neural Network in the Research of the Bohai Bay Eutrophication

In order to research the feasibility of artificial neural network (ANN) in the research of eutrophication of the Bohai Bay in China, an ANN model simulating chlorophyll a, b and c concentrations, concerning temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, pH value, chemical oxygen demand (COD), PO43-, NO2-and NO3-factors in the Bohai Bay was presented and validated. After experiencing and training by Matlab, the model′s validation mean square error (MSE) performance is 0.009 985 02. R-squared between estimated and observed concentrations of chlorophyll a, b and c are 0.965 7, 0.998 7 and 0.970 7 respectively, indicating that the estimated value agrees with the observed value well, and the model can be used in the prediction of eutrophication of the Bohai Sea. In order to study the influence of model input factors on chlorophyll concentration (i.e. model outputs), hypothetical scenarios were introduced to show model output responses to variations in input factors. The limitation of temperature, salinity and phosphate that induce red tide in the Bohai Bay was also presented.

Forms of phosphorus and silicon in the natural grain size surface sediments of the southern Bohai Sea

The forms of phosphorus and silicon in the natural grain sizes surface sediments of the southern Bohai Sea were studied. In sediments, the organic matter bound form of phosphorus was the main form of transferable phosphorus and ranged from 0.37 μmol/g to 1.57 μmol/g, accounting for 10.7% of the total phosphorus, others were the carbonate bound form, iron manganese oxide bound form and ion exchange able form; the transferable form of phosphorus accounted for 19.2% of the total phosphorus. Silicon’s carbonate bound form was predominant over others among its transferable forms, and content ranged from 1.55 μmol/g to 8.94 μmol/g, accounting for 0.05% of the total silicon; the total amount of transferable silicon forms accounted for only 0.12% of the total silicon. Therefore, 19.2% of the total phosphorus and 0.12% of the total silicon contained in the surface sediments of the southern Bohai Sea could participate in the biogeochemical cycling.

Study on Red Tide Remote Sensing Monitoring in the Bohai Sea in 2014

Since 2000, red tides have been reported in the Bohai Sea every year, whichoften made coastal waters of the Bohai Sea suffering from red tides. Satellite remotesensing technology and the ocean color observation satellite images have beensuccessfully used to identify and observe the initiation, evolution, and dissipation of redtide. However, due to different water bodies, remote sensing data and modelingmethods, a specific model of red tide inversion should be established for the watercharacteristics of the Bohai Sea. In this paper, the correlation analysis between MODISspectral reflectivity data and measured concentration of chlorophyll a in the Bohai Seawas carried out. The expression （B10-B8） / （B13-B8） was chosen as the indicator of redtide inversion in the Bohai Sea, the correlation coefficient reached 0.7815, showingsignificant correlation results. It was found that the spatial and temporal distribution ofred tide in the Bohai Sea in 2014 was obvious. The main causes of the large-scale outbreak of red tide in the Bohai Sea are due to the poor water exchange caused by thesemi-enclosed geomorphology and the large amount of terrestrial matter input fromcoastal runoff. The river input is the main source of land-based pollution into the sea.Then, a red tide inversion model based on a modified red tide index was established byusing GOCI remote sensing data with less cloud coverage, and proven effective indelineating the red tide in turbid waters. The hourly RI images on 15, 26 and 28 May2014 showed consistent evolution, and the area of red tide in the Bohai Sea changedsignificantly during one day. Vertical migration of the dominant species of red tide algaemay be the main reason for the short-term changes in the surface expression.

Pollution Condition of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Pollutant and Estimation of Its Environmental Capacities in Summer in the Bohai Sea

The pollution condition of petroleum hydrocarbon (PH) was summarized in the Bohai Sea in this paper. The results showed that the mean concentration of PH was (25.7±13.6) mg/m3, varying from 4.4 to 64.8 mg/m3 in the survey sea area. Laizhou Bay and Bohai Bay have been contaminated badly inshore. The dynamic model for distribution of marine PH among multiphase environments in the Bohai Sea has been established. The environmental capacities (ECO) and surplus environmental capacities (SECO) of PH have been estimated in the Bohai Sea according to the dynamic model. The results showed that the ECo separately were about 29 169 t/a, 177 306 t/a and 298 446 t/a under the first, second and third, fourth class seawater quality standards requirement. And the ECO of Bohai Bay, Liaodong Bay, Laizhou Bay and Central Bohai Sea were about 5 255 t/a, 8 869 t/a, 4889 t/a and 10 156 t/a respectively under the first and second class seawater quality standards requirement.

Seasonal cycle of topography in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea and its relationships with atmospheric forcing and oceanic adjustment based on altimetry data

Seasonal cycle is the most significant signals of topography and circulation in the Bohai Sea (BS)and Yellow Sea (YS) forced by prevailing monsoon and is still poorly understood due to lack of data in their interiors. In the present study, seasonal cycles of topography in the BS and YS and its relationship with atmospheric forcing and oceanic adjustment were examined and discussed using TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1/2 Sea Level Anomalies (SLA) data. Analyses revealed complicated seasonal cycles of topography composed mainly of2 REOF modes, the winter-summer mode (WIM) and spring-autumn mode (SAM). The WIM with action center in the BS displayed peak and southward pressure gradient in July, and valley and northward pressure gradient in January, which is obviously the direct response to monsoon with about 1-month response time. The SAM with action center in the western south YS displayed peak and northward pressure gradient in October and valley and southward pressure gradient in April. After the mature period of monsoon, the action center in the BS became weakened while that in the western south YS became strengthened because of regional convergence or divergence induced by seasonal variations of the Taiwan Warm Current and Yellow Sea Coastal Current. The direct response of topography to monsoon resulted in the WIM, while oceanic adjustment of topography played an important role in the forming of the SAM.

Beach Morphology and Coastline Evolution in the Southern Bohai Strait

The beach studied in this paper spans a length of 51 km and is one of several long sandy beaches in the southern Bohai Strait. Due to the obstruction of islands in the northeast and the influence of the underwater topography, the wave environment in the offshore area is complex; beach types and sediment transport characteristics vary along different coasts. The coastlines extracted from six aerial photographs in different years were compared to demonstrate the evolving features. Seven typical beach profiles were selected to study the lateral beach variation characteristics. Continuous wind and wave observation data from Beihuangcheng ocean station during 2009 were employed for the hindcast of the local wave environment using a regional spectral wave model. Then the results of the wave hindcast were incorporated into the LITDRIFT model to compute the sediment transport rates and directions along the coasts and analyze the longshore sand movement. The results show that the coastline evolution of sand beaches in the southern Bohai Strait has spatial and temporal variations and the coast can be divided into four typical regions. Region （1）, the north coast of Qimudao, is a slightly eroded and dissipative beach with a large sediment transport rate; Region （II）, the southwest coast of Gangluan Port, is a slightly deposited and dissipative beach with moderate sediment transport rate; Region （III）, in the central area, is a beach that is gradually transformed from a slightly eroded dissipative beach to a moderately or slightly strong eroded bar-trough beach from west to east with a relatively moderate sediment transport rate. Region （IV）, on the east coast, is a strongly eroded and reflective beach with a weak sediment transport rate. The wave conditions exhibit an increasing trend from west to east in the off- shore area. The distribution of the wave-induced current inside the wave breaking region and the littoral sediment transport in the nearshore region exhibit a gradual weakening tendency from west to east, which is opposite to the trend of the wave conditions out- side the breaking region. The presence of submerged shoal （Dengzhou Shoal）, deep trough （Dengzhou Channel）, islands and irregu- lar topography influnces the wave climate, beach types, wave-induced current features, littoral sediment transport trends and coast- line evolution patterns in the southern Bohai Strait. Human activities, such as the sand exploitation of Dengzhou Shoal and other coastal engineering projects, also influence the beach morphology and coastline evolution.

Research on Measurable Nonlinear Relationship Between Phytoplankton Biomass and Environmental Factors in Bohai Bay

B ased on the data of phytoplankton and environmental factors in the Bohai Bay, the dependence between the concentration of phytoplankton and environmental factors is analysed by linear correlation coefficient, rank correlation coefficient and Hoeffding test of independence .The result shows that wind-speed, air-pressure, surface temperature, field pH, salinity, DO, silicate and NO3- have a great impact on the concentration of phytoplankton.

Species and distribution of inorganic selenium in the Bohai Sea

For studying geochemical behavior of selenium, a marine investigation was conducted in September 1998 cruise in the Bohai Sea. Horizontal and vertical distributions of inorganic selenium and selenite were studied. The inorganic selenium varied from 0.73 to 2.41 nmol/L, with an average of 1.31 nmol/L; while selenite varied from 0.18 to 0.72 nmol/L with an average of 0.47 nmol/L. The average ratio of selenite to selenate was 0.68, and selenate was the predominant species of inorganic selenium in the most study area. Concentrations of inorganic selenium and selenite decreased with distance from the coast. No apparent variations of the concentration between surface and bottom was shown. There were two wa- ter masses in the area, one from the Huanghe (Yellow) River and other from the Yellow Sea. Of the two, Huanghe River was the major source of inorganic selenium.

Application of adjoint assimilation technique in simulating tides and tidal currents of the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea

Considering the interaction of different tidal waves, an adjoint numerical model is developed to simulate M2, S2, K1 and O1 tidal waves in the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea （B-Y-E） simultaneously. Compared with previous researches, by using the adjoint assimilation technique to inverse open boundary conditions and bottom friction coefficients based on altimetric data from TOPEX/Poseidon （T/P） and tidal gauges data, the precision of the numerical simulation is significantly improved. Selecting 14 days of simulated results after the initial wanning run to conduct harmonic analysis, the results can show the characteristics of M2, S2, K1 and O1 tidal wave systems perfectly in B-Y-E. Compared with 9 current stations, the calculated harmonic constants of tidal currents for M2 and K1 are in good agreement with the observed ones.

Seasonal Cycle Analysis of the Nitrate Nitrogen and Nitrite Nitrogen in the Bohai Sea

During 1985-1987, the concentration of nitrate nitrogen was higher in the Laizhou Bay and the Bohai Bay while that of nitrite nitrogen was higher in the Liaodong Bay and the Bohai Bay. The concentration of nitrate nitrogen was highest in winter and lowest in summer while that of nitrite nitrogen was highest in autumn and lowest in spring. The seasonal variation of the concentration of nitrate nitrogen was maximum in the Laizhou Bay and the Bohai Bay while that of the concentration of nitrite nitrogen was maximum in the Liaodong Bay. There was a great difference in the concentration of nitrate nitrogen between the surface and the bottom in autumn and in the concentration of nitrite nitrogen between the surface and the bottom in summer. The main reason for the seasonal variations of the concentration of nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen was the marine biochemical process. The nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen in the Bohai Sea basically maintained a quasi-equilibrium state seasonal cycle. The quasi-equilibrium state seasonal cycle of nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen at the bottom was stable while that at the surface was liable to variations caused by other factors.

Fine anatomy of reservoir architecture of point bar in meandering river: a case study of Minghuazhen Formation in northern block of Q oilfield,Bohai Sea

In order to solve dynamic Problems caused by the internal structure of fluvial reservoir,it is necessa-ry to study the fine anatomy of Point bar. Taking Minghuazhen Formation in the northern block of Q oilfield, Bohai Sea as an examPle,the authors studied identification marks,distribution Pattern and scale of Point bar based on coring,logging and dynamic data. The results show that the length of Point bar and the width of lateral accretion body are 713-911 m and 71-111m,resPectively;the diP angle and the thickness of lateral accretion bedding are 3. 5o-5. 9o and 0. 1-0. 5 m. The lateral accretion beddings are the key factor affecting the seePage velocity of the tracer.

Distribution of nutrients and eutrophication assessment in the Bohai Sea of China

Water samples were collected in 120 stations in the Bohai Sea of China to analyze the distribution of dissolved nutrients and assess the degree of eutrophication in August 2002. The result shows that the average concentration of DIN increased and the PO4-P concentration sharply decreased compared to the previous data of corresponding period. The high concentrations of DIN and PO4-P occurred in coastal waters, especially in the bays and some river estuaries, while the high concentrations of SiO3-Si in the surface and middle depth occurred in the central area of the Bohai Sea. The average ratio of DIN/PO4-P was much higher than the Redfield Ratio （16：1）. Apparently, PO4-P was one of the limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growing in the sea. The average concentrations of DON and DOP were higher than their inorganic forms. The results of eutrophication assessment show that 22.1% of all stations were classified as violating the concentration levels of the National Seawater Quality Standard （GB 3097-1997） for DIN and only 3.9% for PO4-R The average eutrophication index in the overall area was 0.21±0.22 and the high values occurred in Bohai Bay, Liaodong Bay and near the Yellow River estuary. This means that the state of eutrophication was generally mesotrophic in the Bohai Sea, but relatively worse in the bays, especially some river estuaries.

Carboniferous–Permian marine transgressions in the Jiyang Depression

In recent years, great attention has been paid to oil and gas exploration in the Carboniferous-Permian strata of the Bohaiwan basin, especially the Carboniferous-Permian marine transgression, using data from drilling, outcrops and carbonate acid-insoluble residue experiments together with the tectonic evo- lutionary history of the peripheral orogenic zones of the North China plate and the Tan-Lu fault zones. The .＇;tudy concludes that marine transgressions took place on six occasions during Carboniferous-Perm- ian time in the Jiyang Depression. The marine transgressions were concentrated in the Late Carbonifer- ous： two marine transgressions occurred in the early Late Carboniferous, and the scale of the first was smaller and the time was shorter than those of the second. The other four marine transgressions hap- pened in the late Late Carboniferous, the first and the fourth of which were larger in scale and longer in time than the second and the third. The seawater came from the Jiaobei area, the eastward part of the Qinling-Dabie residual sea basin, and invaded progressively as a planar flow from south to north and from east to west. These findings have great significance for thorough analysis of the sedimentary characteristics and evolution of the Carboniferous-Permian strata in the livang Denression.

Application of an integrated methodology for eutrophication assessment:a case study in the Bohai Sea

An integrated methodology for eutrophication assessment,which integrates both water quality indicators(causative factors) and ecological response indicators(effect factors),is described.It is then applied to rank the eutrophication status of the years 2007 and 2008 in the southwest Bohai Sea.The assessment model identified that north Bohai Bay and west Laizhou Bay were the two areas with the most serious eutrophication problems in the southwest Bohai Sea.In addition,compared to that in the west Laizhou Bay,the eutrophication conditions in the north Bohai Bay was more serious in both years.Eutrophication problems such as harmful algal blooms(HABs) and low dissolved oxygen(DO) events in north Bohai Bay were frequent.The integrated method outmatched the currently used Chinese nutrient index method by definitely identifying areas with the most serious eutrophication problems,while the nutrient index method gave ambiguous results between the two years.Inclusion of both causative factors and effect factors,combining concentration,spatial coverage and frequency of indicators,as well as use of multi-season monitoring datasets in the methodology result in a more accurate,representative and useful assessment.

Observed characteristics of the North Yellow Sea water masses in summer

In this paper, we characterize the North Yellow Sea （NYS） water masses in summer by analyzing temperature and salinity data surveyed in 2006. The Liaonan Coastal Water is characterized by low salinity westward and southward flow paths. The westward path flows parallel to land, turns to the south, then to the southeast adjacent to the mouth of the Lushun River, where it mixes with other coastal water directly to the southwest. It becomes the main source of low salinity water in the deep water area west of 123°E. The high-salinity Lubei Coastal Water is the remnant of the winter Lubei Coastal Water, which is located mostly in a small area between Yantai and Weihai, and does not originate in the Bohai Sea Coastal Water. The two NYS zones demarcated at 123°E have distinctly different temperature and salinity characteristics. There are two high-salinity centers east of 123°E, whereas there is low-salinity water to the west whose temperature and salinity structures are complex, composed of the coastal water south of Chengshantou, the Liaonan Coastal Water and the Bohai Sea Water.

Numerical Study on Inter-Tidal Transports in Coastal Seas

Inter-tidal(subtidal) transport processes in coastal sea depend on the residual motion, turbulent dispersion and relevant sources/sinks. In Feng et al.(2008), an updated Lagrangian inter-tidal transport equation, as well as new concept of Lagrangian in- ter-tidal concentration(LIC), has been proposed for a general nonlinear shallow water system. In the present study, the LIC is nu- merically applied for the first time to passive tracers in idealized settings and salinity in the Bohai Sea, China. Circulation and tracer motion in the three idealized model seas with different topography or coastline, termed as ‘flat-bottom', ‘stairs' and ‘cape' case, re- spectively, are simulated. The dependence of the LIC on initial tidal phase suggests that the nonlinearities in the stairs and cape cases are stronger than that in the flat-bottom case. Therefore, the ‘flat-bottom' case still meets the convectively weakly nonlinear condi- tion. For the Bohai Sea, the simulation results show that most parts of it still meet the weakly nonlinear condition. However, the de- pendence of the LIS(Lagrangian inter-tidal salinity) on initial tidal phase is significant around the southern headland of the Liaodong Peninsula and near the mouth of the Yellow River. The nonlinearity in the former region is mainly related to the complicated coast- lines, and that in the latter region is due to the presence of the estuarine salinity front.