基于地表参数变化的延河流域地表温度时空演变分析

地表温度是地表能量平衡与陆面过程的重要参数,与地表参数变化关系密切。该文以黄土高原的延河流域为例,基于2015年、2018年和2020年Landsat OLI/TIRS影像,在利用大气校正法反演地表温度的基础上,提取影像归一化建筑指数(normalized difference built-up index,NDBI)、归一化植被指数(normalized differential vegetation index,NDVI)和归一化水汽指数(normalized difference moisture index,NDMI),分析地表温度与地表参数和土地利用类型的关系,以及地表温度时空变化特征。结果表明,地表温度的反演值与验证值在2015年、2018年和2020年的相关系数分别达0.569,0.675和0.632,均大于0.5,具有一定的准确性和可行性。从地表温度时空变化特征上看,低温区、次中温区、次高温区面积有所减少,而中温区面积增长较大,高温区面积略有增长,地表温度有向中、高温增长的趋势;从与土地利用类型的关系来看,下垫面覆盖类型的地表温度均呈现为水域<林地<草地<耕地<建设用地;从与地表参数的定量关系来看,延河流域地表温度变化与地表参数变化存在显著相关性,NDBI与地表温度变化呈正相关性,NDVI和NDMI与地表温度变化呈负相关性;从与地理环境因素的关系来看,地表温度随着海拔的升高而降低。在不同坡度上地表温度也体现差异性,其中平坡地表温度最高,坡度越陡温度越低。不同坡向地表温度具有显著差异,其中阳坡地表温度明显大于阴坡地表温度。研究结果可为复杂地区的地表水热环境研究提供参考。

Analysis and Application of Variable Conductance Heat Pipe Air Preheater

The heat transfer analysis of variable conductance heat pipe air preheater was carried out. The temperature trans-fer matrix was obtained for the air preheater that comprises several discrete heat transfer units with same or different heat transfer surface area in a parallel or counter flow mode. By using the temperature transfer matrix, the outlet fluid temperatures could be easily calculated for a given air preheater and inlet fluid temperatures. The active length of condenser in a variable conductance heat pipe is determined according to the flat interface model. With the same initial conditions, the comparisons between variable conductance heat-pipe air preheater and regular heat pipe air preheater has been analyzed and tested in terms of heat pipe wall temperature, heat transfer surface area and outlet fluid temperatures. Based on the real industrial applications, it has been confirmed that the variable conductance heat pipe air preheater has excellent performance of anti-corrosion and anti-ash-deposition especially at the variable working condition and the sulfur coal (5%-6% mass fraction of sulfur) condition.