才子笔下的民国英俊——读温源宁的《不够知己》

温源宁先生的民国人物小传<不够知己>由著名翻译家江枫先生翻译,岳麓书社出版①.<不够知己>的英文地道,译文漂亮,可谓珠联璧合;传主们文采风流、学贯中西,作传者思维敏锐、学识渊博,又可谓珠联璧合.可惜,书中有不少排版和印刷的错误.这些错误犹如一个美丽花园里扔的几块乱石,虽然无伤大雅,却也有碍观瞻.一个最明显的错误就是关于程锡庚先生的生年,原文、译文明明白白地写着:"程先生,1894年生",而小传前的说明文字却写成了1839年生,结果就成了程先生在100岁高龄的时候被枪杀,岂不是笑话!

表面温源加热装置校准方法及不确定度评定

本文阐述了表面温源加热板类装置及仪器设备的校准方法及相应的不确定度评定。

温源宁的人物剪影

1986年上海书店重印了三十年代的一本书《二十今人志》,是名人写名人的汇编,每篇都相当精彩,而格外精彩的是从英文翻译过来的几篇。譬如那篇《徐志摩》,六十多年来关于这位诗人的文字读不胜读,但是没有哪篇比译文中的这一段给我的印象更深,虽说它写在整整六十年前:也许有的女子以为志摩曾经爱过她。

Sub-1V CMOS Voltage Reference Based on Weighted V_(gs)

We propose a voltage reference based on the weighted difference between the gate-source voltages of an nMOS and a pMOS operating in their saturation regions. No diodes or parasitic bipolar transistors are used, The circuit is simulated and fabricated with SMIC 0.18μm mixed-signal technology,and our measurements demonstrate that its temperature coefficient is 44ppm/℃ and its PSRR is - 46dB, It works well when Vdd is above 650mV. The active area of the circuit is about 0.05mm^2.

Effects of carbon sink fisheries ecosystems

Currently, due to the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use patterns, a lot of CO2 （carbon dioxide） emissions into the air, the amount of CO2 in the air is extremely increased. According to the research CO2 is the main component of greenhouse gases and the main culprit of causing the greenhouse effect. The ocean is a huge repository of carbon, water can dissolve a large amount of CO2, in the ocean, a large number of plants and planktonic algae absorb CO2 to produce 02, It is a very large gathering place （sink）. At the same time, CO2 aggregation in the ocean seawater acidity increases, impact on fishery resources, sources and sinks of CO2 were discussed in the paper.

Shelf-cultivation of Strawberry with Mulch and Heat Preservation Technology with Natural Energy

It is proved that the treatment with white mulch and black thin films per- formed the best in terms of heat preservation in cultivation of strawberry with shelves. In winter, drip irrigation performed significantly in transporting hot water through solar energy. The combination of the two methods resolved the issue of heat preservation difficulty and guaranteed growth of strawberry in winter.

Research on dynamic error compensation for an armored K type thermocouple

A new method was proposed, in which a high-power CO2 laser modulated by high frequency was used as the driv- ing source to heat up a surface-temperature sensor. The continual beam and the pulsed beam sent out by the same laser could be used in the same system to carry on the static calibration of the radiation thermometer and the dynamic calibration of the temperature sensor to be checked. The frequency-response characteristics of high-speed radiation thermometer surpassed that of the temperature sensor, therefore it could be used as the reference value to calibrate the latter and let system error be cor- rected. Differences in the environment of the sensor installing and the error caused by the change of thermo-physical proper- ty could be avoided. Thus, the difficult problem of traceable dynamic calibration of temperature was solved. In experiment, to obtain the frequency characteristics of the thermocouple and the dynamic performance of the K type thermocouple, which could compensate the dynamic characteristics of the sensor, the sensor was dynamically corrected by using the method, and then the mathematical model was established.

IC Implementation of a Programmable CMOS Voltage Reference

A new approach for the design and implementation of a programmable voltage reference based on an improved current mode bandgap voltage reference is presented. The circuit is simulated and fabricated with Chartered 0. 35μm mixed-signal technology. Measurements demonstrate that the temperature coefficient is ± 36. 3ppm/℃ from 0 to 100℃ when the VID inputs are 11110.As the supply voltage is varied from 2.7 to 5V, the voltage reference varies by about 5mV. The maximum glitch of the transient response is about 20mV at 125kHz. Depending on the state of the five VID inputs,an output voltage between 1.1 and 1.85V is programmed in increments of 25mV.

A CMOS Voltage Reference Based on V_(GS) and ΔV_(GS) in the Weak Inversion Region

A CMOS voltage reference, which is based on VGs and/x ΔGS in the weak inversion region, has been designed and implemented in standard 0.6μm CMOS technology. No diodes and parasitic bipolar junction transistors （BJTs） are used. The proposed voltage reference uses a current-mode topology by summing a PTAT current and a CTAT current into a re- sistor to generate the required reference voltage. It can also provide more than one reference voltage output, which is quite suitable for systems requiring many different reference voltages simultaneously. The occupied chip area is 0. 023mm^-2 . The operation supply voltage is from 2.5 to 6V, and the maximum supply current is 8.25μA. The designed three different out- puts are respectively about 203mV, 1.0V, and 2.05V at room temperature when the supply voltage is 4V. The circuit achieves a temperature coefficient of 31ppm/℃ in the temperature range of 0 to 100℃ and an average line regulation of ± 0. 203%/V. The voltage reference has been successfully applied in a white LED backlight driver chip.

Impact of Global Warming on Water Resource in Arid Area of Northwest China

As the unprecedented global warming is under way, the glacier retreat is getting more and more serious. In the inland arid area of Northwest China, due to very scarce precipitation, where there is water, there are oases. And the glacier melt water amounts to 22 % of the total direct supply of the inland river water and is of crucial importance to the survival and development of the oases. In this paper, using both the observed data and the previous research achievements of the glaciers in the inland valley of Northwest China where the oasis depending on the glacier is the only location suitable for human living, the authors describe the glacier retreat trend over the past half century, focusing on discussing the possible impact of the glacier retreat on the melt water runoff that is almost the only water resource efficient to nourish the oases. The authors find that even with increasing amount of water from the glacier with global warming, the water shortage is getting more and more serious and the environment is under a degrading way due to the accelerating economical development. The water shortage is bound to be more serious if the glacier retreat keeps on, especially after the glacier melt water is over its top for the degradedglacier scale. So suggestions are stressed in the end that a new water-saving pattern should be adopted in the area for a sustainable development due to the warming-up induced continuous glacier retreat.

Clean Coal Technologies in China： Current Status and Future Perspectives

Coal is the dominant primary energy source in China and the major source of greenhouse gases and air pollutants. To facilitate the use of coal in an environmentally satisfactory and economically viable way, clean coal technologies （CCTs） are necessary. This paper presents a review of recent research and development of four kinds of CCTs： coal power generation; coal conversion; pollution control; and carbon capture, utilization, and storage. It also outlines future perspectives on directions for technology re search and development （R＆D）. This review shows that China has made remarkable progress in the R＆D of CCTs, and that a number of CCTs have now entered into the commercialization stage.

Stable Isotopes in Precipitation in Xilin River Basin,Northern China and Their Implications

Under the increasing pressure of water shortage and steppe degradation, information on the hydrological cycle in steppe region in Inner Mongolia, China is urgently needed. An intensive investigation of the temporal varia-tions of δD and δ^18O in precipitation was conducted in 2007-2008 in the Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia in the northern China. The 6D and δ^18O values for 54 precipitation samples range from ＋1.1%o to -34.7%0 and -3.0%0 to -269%0, respectively. This wide range indicates that stable isotopes in precipitation are primarily controlled by differ-ent condensation mechanisms as a function of air temperature and varying sources of vapor. The relationship between δD and δ^18O defined a well constrained line given by δD = 7.896180 ＋ 9.5, which is nearly identical to the Meteoric Water Line in the northern China. The temperature effect is clearly displayed in this area. The results of backward tra-jectory of each precipitation day show that the vapor of the precipitation in cold season （October to March） mainly originates from the west while the moisture source is more complicated in warm season （April to September）. A light precipitation amount effect existes at the precipitation event scale in this area. The vapor source of precipitation with higher d-excesses are mainly from the west wind or neighboring inland area and precipitation with lower d-excesses from a monsoon source from the southeastern China.

Effect of pre-soaking and pre-chilling treatments on seed germination of Pinus roxburghii provenances from western Himalaya, India

After subjecting the seeds to GA3 and H2O2 treatments for 24 h and chilling at 2-3℃ for a period of 15 days, we conducted the seed germination tests for 21 different seed sources ofPinns roxburghii from western-central Himalaya under laboratory conditions at various temperatures viz., 20℃, 25℃ and 30℃ inside a seed germinator. The results reveal that the soaking of seeds in H2O2 （1% v/v） and GA3 （ 10 mg.L^-1） solutions manifested 82.39% and 78.19% germination, respectively whereas untreated seeds exhibited 70.79% average germination. Both GA3 and H2O2 treatments caused an appreciable shortening of the germination period by 8 days and 10 days, respectively. Moist-chilling did improve the rate and percentage of germination when germinated at 20℃ over 21 days; however total germination was not affected at temperatures 25℃ and 30℃, Although the seeds of P. roxburghii germinate well due to lack of dor- mancy, the increasing demand for large quantities of seeds of P. roxburghii for reforestation programmes make pre-sowing treatments useful in improving the rate and percentage of gemaination.

SOFC temperature evaluation based on an adaptive fuzzy controller

The operating temperature of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack is a very important parameter to be controlled, which impacts the performance of the SOFC due to thermal cycling. In this paper, an adaptive fuzzy control method based on an affine nonlinear temperature model is developed to control the temperature of the SOFC within a specified range. Fuzzy logic systems are used to approximate nonlinear functions in the SOFC system and an adaptive technique is employed to construct the controller. Compared with the traditional fuzzy and proportion-integral-derivative (PID) control, the simulation results show that the designed adaptive fuzzy control method performed much better. So it is feasible to build an adaptive fuzzy controller for temperature control of the SOFC.

Selecting Suitable Heat Source in Refinery for Multi-effect Distillation Based on Grey System Theory

For dealing with high-salinity wastewater in the refinery, the high cost of driving heat source is the disadvantage of multi-effect distillation (MED) so it is of great importance to evaluate the performance of low-temperature heat source for conducting MED and select the optimal temperature for it. Both the MED and the low-temperature heat sources studied in this paper were from a typical refinery located in northwestern China. Besides, a new methodology to evaluate heat sources as the optimal candidate was proposed for MED based on the grey system theory. Five process units, which included 18 fluids of the refinery, were named as the evaluation projects. Three factors, which included safety effects, total costs and characteristics of low-temperature heat sources were determined as the evaluation indexes, the values of which were established through the analyses. The results obtained through the grey correlation analyses have revealed that the grey correlation degrees of these units were 0.661(AVDU), 0.732 (#1 FCCU), 0.618 (#2 FCCU), 0.535 (#1 DCU), and 0.572 (#2 DCU), respectively. Thus, the optimal heat source was provided from #1 FCCU. Through further analyses of the fluids from #1 FCCU, the grey correlation degrees of the fluids were 0.597 (oil and gas at top of tower), 0.714 (recycle oil and gas), and 0.512 (diesel), respectively. Thus, the optimal heat source was the oil and gas recycle stream.

Catalytic reduction of NO_x by biomass-derived activated carbon supported metals

In this study,to prepare a series of activated carbon-supported metals for the catalytic reduction of NO_x to N_2 in excess O_2,activated carbons derived from lignocellulosic and herbaceous biomasses were selected as the reducing agents,and alkali and transition metals were used as the catalytic active phases.The effects of the type of biomass,carbonization temperature and catalyst composition on NO_x reduction efficiency were analyzed in a fixed-bed flow reactor.The results showed that two temperature regimes are present for the NO_x-carbon reaction:at temperatures below 250°C,the NO_x adsorption process on the carbon surface was predominant,whereas true NO_x reduction by carbon occurred at temperatures above 250°C,producing N_2,CO_2 and CO.The influence of the carbonization temperature on carbon reactivity depended on the effect of the carbonization temperature on the carbon surface area and the reduction of the metal species on carbon.All studied metals catalyzed both NO_xand O_2reduction by carbon,and potassium could strongly enhance the C-NO_x reaction without substantial carbon consumption by O_2.Moreover,the potassium supported by sawdust-derived activated carbon exhibited higher selectivity and capacity towards NO_x reduction than did its previously reported coal-derived counterparts.These properties were ascribed to the high dispersion of the active potassium species on the carbon surface,as observed through the comparison of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction results for the carbons made from biomass and coal-based precursors.

Parametric optimization and performance comparison of organic Rankine cycle with simulated annealing algorithm

Taking the ratio of heat transfer area to net power and heat recovery efficiency into account, a multi-objective mathematical model was developed for organic Rankine cycle （ORC）. Working fluids considered were R123, R134a, R141b, R227ea and R245fa. Under the given conditions, the parameters including evaporating and condensing pressures, working fluid and cooling water velocities were optimized by simulated annealing algorithm. The results show that the optimal evaporating pressure increases with the heat source temperature increasing. Compared with other working fluids, R123 is the best choice for the temperature range of 100--180℃ and R141 b shows better performance when the temperature is higher than 180 ℃. Economic characteristic of system decreases rapidly with the decrease of heat source temperature. ORC system is uneconomical for the heat source temperature lower than 100℃.