On November 14, 2001, an extraordinarily large earthquake (MS8.1) occurred on the Hoh Sai Hu segment of the Eastern Kunlun Fault, in the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The seismogenic fault, the Hoh Sai Hu segment,...On November 14, 2001, an extraordinarily large earthquake (MS8.1) occurred on the Hoh Sai Hu segment of the Eastern Kunlun Fault, in the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The seismogenic fault, the Hoh Sai Hu segment, is a left-lateral fault with a high slip rate in geological history, with the average slip rate reaching(14.8±2.8)mm/a since the late Pleistocene. Different slip rates of the Hoh Sai Hu segment can affect fault motion in the future. Therefore, this paper analyzes the effect of different slip rates and different initial friction coefficients on the fault plane of the Hoh Sai Hu segment of the eastern Kunlun Fault on the rupture behaviors of the fault. In this research, we apply the single degree of spring block model controlled by the rateand state-dependent frictional constitutive laws. Using the fault dislocation model and based on ancient earthquake research, historical earthquakes data and the achievements of previous researchers, we obtained the parameters of this model. Through numerical simulation of the rupturing motion of the Hoh Sai Hu segment in the next 6500 years under different slip rates, we find that a faster annual slip rate will shorten the recurrence interval of the earthquake. For example, the earthquake recurrence interval is 2100a at a slip rate of 0.014m/a, which agrees with previous research, but, the recurrence interval will be 1000~1500a and 2100～2500a, corresponding to the slip rates of 0.018m/a and 0.008m/a, respectively. The fault slip rate has no regular effect on the coseismic slip rate and fault displacement in an earthquake. The initial friction coefficient on the fault surface has an effect on the earthquake recurrence interval. A smaller initial friction coefficient will lengthen the earthquake recurrence interval. At the same time, the smaller initial friction coefficient will lead to larger slip rates and fault displacement when earthquakes occur.展开更多
Fish introduction is one of the main causes of amphibian decline worldwide. It affects particularly rare aquatic phenotypes such as paedomorphs, which retain gills during the adult stage. In this context, we determine...Fish introduction is one of the main causes of amphibian decline worldwide. It affects particularly rare aquatic phenotypes such as paedomorphs, which retain gills during the adult stage. In this context, we determined whether small wetlands, such as pools surrounding fished and fishless lakes, could sustain paedomorphic and metamorphic newts. To this end, we surveyed lakes known historically to sustain Alpine newts Ichthyosaura alpestris as well as 35 nearby pools. On the basis of the published records, the only known population exhibiting paedomorphosis in the Swiss AIps was found to be extirpated by salmonid introductions. However, the metamorphs persisted in per- ipheral pools, paedomorphosis was discovered at a new locality, and overwintering larvae were still present in one of the lakes. These results show the importance of conserving varied aquatic habitats such as pools in mountainous environments where the main resources can become un- suitable for amphibians because of fish introductions. Pools may also function as reservoirs in maintaining newt populations until programs to remove fish from lakes can be carried out. It is not known if paedomorphs could reappear after fish removal. However, the combined resilience of am- phibians after fish removal and the genetic basis for paedomorphosis highlighted in other taxa by previous studies suggest that there is the potential to maintain this intraspecific case of diversity even after its disappearance.展开更多
基金jointly sponsored by the Special Program of Basic R&D Fund,Institute of Geology,CEAthe Seismic Industry Research Program,CEA( 200808018)
文摘On November 14, 2001, an extraordinarily large earthquake (MS8.1) occurred on the Hoh Sai Hu segment of the Eastern Kunlun Fault, in the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The seismogenic fault, the Hoh Sai Hu segment, is a left-lateral fault with a high slip rate in geological history, with the average slip rate reaching(14.8±2.8)mm/a since the late Pleistocene. Different slip rates of the Hoh Sai Hu segment can affect fault motion in the future. Therefore, this paper analyzes the effect of different slip rates and different initial friction coefficients on the fault plane of the Hoh Sai Hu segment of the eastern Kunlun Fault on the rupture behaviors of the fault. In this research, we apply the single degree of spring block model controlled by the rateand state-dependent frictional constitutive laws. Using the fault dislocation model and based on ancient earthquake research, historical earthquakes data and the achievements of previous researchers, we obtained the parameters of this model. Through numerical simulation of the rupturing motion of the Hoh Sai Hu segment in the next 6500 years under different slip rates, we find that a faster annual slip rate will shorten the recurrence interval of the earthquake. For example, the earthquake recurrence interval is 2100a at a slip rate of 0.014m/a, which agrees with previous research, but, the recurrence interval will be 1000~1500a and 2100～2500a, corresponding to the slip rates of 0.018m/a and 0.008m/a, respectively. The fault slip rate has no regular effect on the coseismic slip rate and fault displacement in an earthquake. The initial friction coefficient on the fault surface has an effect on the earthquake recurrence interval. A smaller initial friction coefficient will lengthen the earthquake recurrence interval. At the same time, the smaller initial friction coefficient will lead to larger slip rates and fault displacement when earthquakes occur.
文摘Fish introduction is one of the main causes of amphibian decline worldwide. It affects particularly rare aquatic phenotypes such as paedomorphs, which retain gills during the adult stage. In this context, we determined whether small wetlands, such as pools surrounding fished and fishless lakes, could sustain paedomorphic and metamorphic newts. To this end, we surveyed lakes known historically to sustain Alpine newts Ichthyosaura alpestris as well as 35 nearby pools. On the basis of the published records, the only known population exhibiting paedomorphosis in the Swiss AIps was found to be extirpated by salmonid introductions. However, the metamorphs persisted in per- ipheral pools, paedomorphosis was discovered at a new locality, and overwintering larvae were still present in one of the lakes. These results show the importance of conserving varied aquatic habitats such as pools in mountainous environments where the main resources can become un- suitable for amphibians because of fish introductions. Pools may also function as reservoirs in maintaining newt populations until programs to remove fish from lakes can be carried out. It is not known if paedomorphs could reappear after fish removal. However, the combined resilience of am- phibians after fish removal and the genetic basis for paedomorphosis highlighted in other taxa by previous studies suggest that there is the potential to maintain this intraspecific case of diversity even after its disappearance.
