理顺管理体制加强湖泊管理——对白马湖湖区保护与开发利用有关问题探讨

20世纪90年代初以来，白马湖水域被大面积开发，严重削弱了湖泊的行蓄洪功能。尽管湖区各级水行政主管部门不断加大清障力度，但收效甚微。目前，白马湖区的现状令人堪忧，恢复白马湖的调蓄洪功能、改善湖水水质已刻不容缓。本文就白马湖的开发现状、成因和危害进行了分析，并就如何扭转白马湖管理现状及如何进行长效管理提出了建议和对策。

养猪业污染控制是湖区水环境保护的当务之急

养猪业污染是湖区水质恶化的主要原因之一。其排放的废水具有机物浓度高、悬浮物多、氨氮和磷含量高，含有多种抗生素和大量重金属等特点。为保护湖区水环境，需实施畜禽清洁清洁生产机制，加强特殊污染物的控制，提高综合治理效率。要加强平台建设，形成由政府相关部门进行政策引导、公共财政加大投资和补贴力度、高等院校和科研院所提供科技和人才支撑、养殖企业积极参与的良好局面。

Establishment and Utilization Plan of Shangshe Lake Wetland Nature Reserve

According to biodiversity of Shangshe Wetland Nature Reserve, the protection region from interior to exterior can be divided into a core zone which is to protect succession and reproduction in local environment, a buffer zone which is to control ill effects on the core zone, and a test zone which is to protect relevant facilities. In addition, utilization and development principles and measures of the protection region were discussed.

Anthropogenic Effect on Deposition Dynamics of Lake Sediments Based on ^(137)Cs and ^(210)Pb_(ex) Techniques in Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve,China

Radionuclide dating techniques characterized by137Cs and210Pbex have recently been applied in the study of lake sediments around the world.In this study,a chronological series of sediment cores was established based on137Cs and210Pbex analyses along with the evaluation of sediment properties,such as particle size distribution,total organic carbon(TOC),carbonate content,and acid-insoluble residue,to study sediment accumulation rates,sediment sources,and responses to human activities in the Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve in southwestern China.In terms of the particle size distribution of sediments,silt content was the highest,and clay and sand contents were relatively low.The sediments displayed high TOC contents because of the significant amounts of vegetation grown in the lakes.The carbonate content was also high due to the overall geological background of carbonates in Jiuzhaigou.Carbonate content tended to decline from top to bottom in the sediment cores,whereas the acid-insoluble residue tended to increase.These results suggested that the depth variation of the environmental parameters of the sediments in two lakes in Jiuzhaigou would correspond to each other.The results indicated that the sediment rate of Jiuzhaigou was generally high with strong siltation,indicating that serious soil loss was induced by intensive human activities in the basin over the past decades.The increases in the mass accumulation rate,contents of acid-insoluble residue,and mean particle size during the periods of 1840–1900s,late 1930s–early 1950s,1966–1978,and2003–2006 revealed the occurrence of severe soil and water loss as a result of extensive agricultural expansion,large-scale deforestation,and road construction in Jiuzhaigou.The deposition rate and the properties of lacustrine sediments could reflect the significant impact of human activities on lake sedimentation during Jiuzhaigou′s history.

Bird Species Diversity and Spatio-temporal Variation in the Sihong Hongze Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve in Eastern China

As an important hub on the East Asian-Australian Flyway(EAAF),Hongze Lake is an important migratory stopover and wintering site for hundreds of thousands of birds.However,research on bird community diversity in this area is still lacking.We conducted a bird survey from July 2020 to June 2021 using the line transect method on the terrestrial habitat,as well as the fixed-point method in the lake wetland at the Sihong Hongze Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve located in northwestern Hongze Lake,and analyzed the temporal-spatial variation in the bird community.The results showed that a total of 170432 detections of 215 bird species belonging to 18 orders and 55 families were recorded.In terms of species composition,the proportion of terrestrial birds was relatively high,followed by waterfowl richness,with high numbers of Anatidae species and shorebirds.For bird species abundance,waterfowl had the highest abundance of common coot(Fulica atra),belonging to the Rallidae family,followed by Anatidae and Ardeidae species.The abundance of shorebirds was extremely low,and that of non-waterfowl was also low.In terms of temporal patterns,the number of bird species and richness index were higher in spring and autumn but lower in winter and summer.The bird abundance was the highest in winter,and the remaining three seasons were similar in terms of bird abundance.The diversity index and evenness index were higher in spring,summer and autumn,and lowest in winter.For the spatial pattern,the open water in the western part of the reserve included the most densely distributed areas for birds,and the number of bird species and their abundance were both the highest in that part.There were significant differences in the bird community structures among the four habitats.The species number and richness index of birds in the reed habitat were the highest,and the bird abundance was also high,but the diversity index and evenness index were low.Although the bird abundance in the lake habitat was much higher than in the other habitats,the diversity index,evenness index and richness index were the lowest.The numbers of bird species and individuals in tourist attraction land and farmland were low,but the diversity index,evenness index and richness index were high.Our results reveal the spatial and temporal patterns of bird species diversity and abundance in Sihong Hongze Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve,and reflect the effects of different habitat types on bird diversity.

Tourist Willingness to Pay for Protected Area Ecotourism Resources and Influencing Factors at the Hulun Lake Protected Area

We examined the Hulun Lake protected area（HLPA）and tourist willingness to pay（WTP）for ecotourism resources using the contingent valuation method（CVM）.Eight hundred questionnaires were distributed in the HLPA and 708 questionnaires were collected.To establish the relationship between variables and WTP,11 variables were incorporated into the model.Social trust factors and awareness factor were for the first time applied to the models,and two bid equations were obtained by the first and second bid.We found that tourist WTP for ecotourism resources in the HLPA was CNY 14 710 389 in 2010,indicating that tourists have a large WTP for protected area ecotourism resources.Most tourists（79.9%）were willing to pay for ecotourism resources and 21.1%tourists were unwilling to pay.The most common explanation for unwillingness to pay was that it was the government’s responsibility,influenced by special social and economic characteristics in China and indicating that Chinese residents lack resource protection awareness and participation.Income and the awareness of being in a protected area most significantly affected WTP.Trusting protected area authorities significantly affected WTP.Tourists’satisfaction affected WTP negatively in the first equation and WTP positively in the second equation.These results reveal that tourists had large WTP for ecotourism resources.To improve the WTP for ecotourism resources,the protected area management department could use third-party monitoring mechanisms and accounting systems to strengthen tourists’trust,and increase ecological education and modify the＂one site,several brands＂management system.

Comparison of Extrapolation and Interpolation Methods for Estimating Daily Photosynthetically Active Radiation(PAR)——A Case Study of the Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve,China

Measurements of photosynthetically active radiation （PAR）, which are indispensable for simulating plant growth and productivity, are generally very scarce. This study aimed to compare two extrapolation and one interpolation methods for estimating daily PAR reaching the earth surface within the Poyang Lake national nature reserve, China. The daily global solar radiation records at Nanchang meteorological station and daily sunshine duration measurements at nine meteorological stations around Poyang Lake were obtained to achieve the objective. Two extrapolation methods of PARs using recorded and estimated global solar radiation at Nanchang station and three stations （Yongxiu, Xingzi and Duchang） near the nature reserve were carried out, respectively, and a spatial interpolation method combining triangulated irregular network （TIN） and inverse distance weighting （IDW） was imple- mented to estimate daily PAR. The performance evaluation of the three methods using the PARs measured at Dahuchi Conservation Station （day number of measurement = 105 days） revealed that： （1） the spatial interpolation method achieved the best PAR estima- tion （R2 - 0.89, s.c. = 0.99, F= 830.02, P 〈 0.001 ）; （2） the extrapolation method from Nanchang station obtained an unbiased result （R2 = 0.88, s.c. = 0.99, F = 745.29, P 〈 0.001）; however, （3） the extrapolation methods from Yongxiu, Xingzi and Duchang stations were not suitable for this specific site for their biased estimations. Considering the assumptions and principles supporting the extrapolation and interpolation methods, the authors conclude that the spatial interpolation method produces more reliable results than the extrapolation methods and holds the greatest potential in all tested methods, and more PAR measurements should be recorded to evaluate the seasonal, yearly and spatial stabilities of these models for their application to the whole nature reserve of Poyang Lake.