基于旅游地产的洞林湖新型农村社区模式研究

立足于城乡统筹协调的发展要求结合城镇化发展的大趋势,对洞林湖社区基于旅游地产进行开发建设的模式进行深入调查与研究。并结合我国广大农村现状及旅游资源进行综合考察,致力于总结出一种有实际推广价值的新型农村建设模式,以丰富新型农村社区建设的理论成果并推动我国新型农村社区建设和城镇化进程。

铁路支线运输组织优化

铁路支线承担着路网中较大的货物到发量,但其运输组织、设备保障、安全管理及生产经营与干线相比有较大的差距。贵阳南站对融入贵阳铁路"大枢纽"管理范畴的湖林支线进行运输组织优化,压缩成本、减少人员,实现区域集中管理、经营和调度集中,在提高管理水平的同时,运输效率和效益分别得到提高。

长江中游平原湖区人工林枯落物和表层土壤持水特性

研究长江流域平原湖区人工林的水源涵养功能,对长江两岸造林绿化和生态修复具有重要指导意义。通过野外调查,采用室内浸泡法,分析比较了7种不同林分类型枯落物层和土壤表层的水源涵养能力。结果表明:(1)枯落物半分解层蓄积量大于未分解层,未分解层蓄积量以池杉林(Taxodium ascendens)最大,半分解层蓄积量以苏柳林(Salix jiangsuensis)最大。池杉林的总蓄积量最大,为3.90 t/hm^(2);(2)未分解层最大持水率大于半分解层,其值分别为263.63%~530.86%和209.17%~277.91%。未分解层和半分解层的最大持水量为0.95~4.48和4.15~6.02 t/hm^(2),分别以池杉林和苏柳林最大;(3)未分解层有效拦蓄量为0.44~3.11 t/hm^(2),半分解层为0.75~3.82 t/hm^(2),分别以池杉林和二球悬铃木林(Platanus acerifolia)最高。总最大持水量和总有效拦蓄量均以池杉林最大,分别为9.61和5.64 t/hm^(2);(4)枯落物持水量随浸水时间的延长表现为先显著增加后减缓,最后达到饱和,两者之间呈对数函数关系。枯落物吸水速率随浸水时间的延长表现为前期吸水速率较大,后急剧变小,最后趋近于0,两者之间呈幂函数关系;(5)表层土壤最大持水量和有效持水量最大的均为苏柳林,分别为1116.27和213.27 t/hm^(2)。枯落物层以池杉林水源涵养能力较好,土壤表层以苏柳林水源涵养能力较好。总体来看,以苏柳林的综合水源涵养能力较好。

面向山-水-林-田-湖-草各系统均衡的河套地区水资源合理配置研究

内蒙古河套地区内有大面积草地、300多个海子,是我国北方重要的生态屏障.但河套地区内耕地密布,长期大规模河道外引水,引排水渠系纵横交错,人类活动影响剧烈,改变了地表径流和地下径流的数量和路径,致使黄河径流量与人工水循环通量此消彼长,水资源优化配置面临巨大挑战.本文构建适用于强人类活动影响下的分布式水文模型——WACM4.0,改进水资源配置模块(包括区域水均衡、地下水生态水位阈值设定、生态补水量与乌梁素海生态保护目标,社会经济用水效益最大化目标),从山-水-林-田-湖-草各系统水量消耗过程入手,考虑蒸发、入渗以及单元间的水量平衡,将各个平衡系统统一联系起来,精细模拟河套地区渠系引水、耕地、林地、草地、未利用地、乌梁素海、乌海滩涂、海子、居工地与沟道排水等多时空水循环与耗水过程,并开展基于耗水量的水资源优化配置研究.结果表明:近10年全河套地区平均每年耗水量62.77×10~8m^3,整体呈下降趋势,平均每年耗黄水量42.59×10~8m^3,整体也呈下降趋势.近10年平均每年生态耗水量为16.48×10~8m^3,平均每年生态耗黄水量为9.08×10~8m^3.本文考虑社会经济发展速度与节水水平设置"高方案""中方案"和"低方案"预测2030年各用水户耗水量,开展水资源配置分析,在考虑满足用水总量控制指标、生态环境保护目标基础上,为实现社会经济用水效益最大化,推荐中方案,以期为河套地区乃至黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展提供技术支撑.

Characterization of Water Constituents Spectra Absorption in Chagan Lake of Jilin Province, Northeast China

Research on the optical characteristics of water color constituents in Chagan Lake of Jilin Province,Northeast China was carried out in order to investigate the variability of the spectra absorption parameters as inputs to bio-optical models and remote sensing algorithms for converting observed spectral signals into water quality information.Samples of total particulates,non-algal particles and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) were first prepared by quantitative filter technique (QFT) and then absorption coefficients of these color producing agents were determined by spectrophotometry.Spectral characteristics of absorption coefficients by total particulate matter,spectral specific absorption dependency on chlorophyll concentration (Chl-a) of phytoplankton,spectral absorption slopes variation for CDOM and non-algal particles and their corresponding reasons were examined and clarified over five months of 2009 and 2010 in this study.Results suggest that total particulate spectral absorption in Chagan Lake is mainly dominated by non-algal particles in most cases,but phytoplankton could be the dominant contributor when chlorophyll concentration is high (up to 84.48 mg/m3 in autumn 2010).The specific absorption coefficients of phytoplankton particulate (a*ph(λ)) dependency on Chl-a is significantly variable due to relative contributions of package effect and accessory pigments,and the parameters of power function are clearly biased on a long time span.The sources of variability in spectral absorption slopes of CDOM and non-algal particles are mainly attributed to the changing proportions of high molecular weight humic acids and mineral suspended sediments in waters,respectively.

Effects of Afforestation on Carbon Storage in Boyang Lake Basin,China

By using field survey data from the sixth forest inventory of Jiangxi Province in 2003,the biomass and carbon storage for three studied species(Pinus massoniana,Cunninghamia lanceolata,and Pinus elliottii)were estimated in Taihe and Xingguo counties of Boyang Lake Basin,Jiangxi Province,China.The relationship between carbon density and forest age was analyzed by logistic equations.Spatio-temporal dynamics of forest biomass and carbon storage in 1985–2003 were also described.The results show that total stand area of the three forest species was 3.10×105ha,total biomass 22.20 Tg,vegetation carbon storage 13.07 Tg C,and average carbon density 42.36 Mg C/ha in the study area in 2003.Carbon storage by forest type in descending order was:P.massoniana,C.lanceolata and P.elliottii.Carbon storage by forest age group in descending order was:middle stand,young stand,near-mature stand and mature stand.Carbon storage by plantation forests was 1.89 times higher than that by natural forests.Carbon density of the three species increased 8.58 Mg C/ha during the study period.The carbon density of Taihe County was higher in the east and west,and lower in the middle.The carbon density of Xingguo County was higher in the northeast and lower in the middle.In general,the carbon density increased with altitude and gradient.Afforestation projects contribute significantly to increasing stand area and carbon storage.Appropriate forest management may improve the carbon sequestration capacity of forest ecosystems.

Soil Moisture Response to Rainfall in Forestland and Vegetable Plot in Taihu Lake Basin,China

Soil moisture and its spatial pattern are important for understanding various hydrological,pedological,ecological and agricultural processes.In this study,data of rainfall and soil moisture contents at different depths(10 cm,20 cm,40 cm and 60 cm) in forestland and vegetable plot in the Taihu Lake Basin,China were monitored and analyzed for characteristics of soil moisture variation and its response to several typical rainfall events.The following results were observed.First,great temporal variation of soil moisture was observed in the surface layer than in deeper layer in vegetable plot.In contrast,in forestland,soil moisture had similar variation pattern at different depths.Second,initial soil moisture was an important factor influencing the vertical movement of soil water during rainfall events.In vegetable plot,simultaneous response of soil moisture to rainfall was observed at 10-and 20-cm depths due to fast infiltration when initial soil was relatively dry.However,traditional downward response order occurred when initial soil was relatively wet.Third,critical soil horizon interface was an active zone of soil water accumulation and lateral movement.A less permeable W-B soil horizon interface(40-cm depth) in vegetable plot can create perched water table above it and elevate the soil water content at the corresponding depth.Fourth,the land cover was an effective control factor of soil moisture during small and moderate rainfall events.In the forestland,moderate and small rainfall events had tiny influences on soil moisture due to canopy and surface O horizon interception.Fifth,preferential flow and lateral subsurface interflow were important paths of soil water movement.During large and long duration rainfall events,lateral subsurface flow and preferential flow through surface crack or soil pipe occurred,which recharged the deep soil.However,in more concentrated large storm,surface crack or soil pipe connected by soil macropores was the main contributor to the occurrence of preferential flow.Findings of this study provide a theoretical foundation for sustainable water and fertilizer management and land use planning in the Taihu Lake Basin.

Contribution of Rupa Lake for Sustainable Food Security and Local Climate Change

Rupa Lake is small advancing eutrophic lake covering about 115 ha of the Lekhnath Municipality in Kaski district of western Nepal. The environment around the lake has been improved over a period of 10 years. Conservation practices were initiated by communities including the Rupa Lake Restoration and Fishery Cooperative （RLRFC）. As a result, an abundance of non-timber Forest Products （NTFP） has increased considerably. At present, 49 NTFP are available in the lake basin. Some households （HH） i.e 10% has additional income from NTFP. It is an indirect source of food security for local people. They sell NTFP products to generate income. A few households have already started farming of NTFPs. Availability of fodder and fuel wood from community forest has significantly contributed to the livelihoods of people where as wild edible fruits and vegetables have become supplementary for food security. There is yearly food security for 57% of HH with 22% having surplus food. 5% of HH has food security for less than three months where as 19% HHs have food security for more than six months. However, livelihood and nutritional security have improved by fish farming in lake. This lake is most important for the local environment and also helps eco-tourism. The study found that 92% observed the climate change in the form of a rise in temperature （〉 70% HHs）; unpredictable rainfall （〉 75% HHs）; shifting rainfall （〉 60% HHs）; phonological changes （〉 50%）. It showed that the lake supports the restoration of natural water capacity, maintain local climate and sound environment by better natural resource management for an environment friendly ecosystem.

Ecological Responses to Holocene Millennial-Scale Climate Change at High Altitudes of East and Central Asia: A Case Study of Picea/Abies Pollen Changes in Lacustrine Sediments

Ecosystem response to climate change in high-altitude regions is a focus on global change research. Picea/Abies forests are widely distributed at high altitudes of East and Central Asia, and their distribution changes are sensitive to climate change. Humidity is an important climatic factor that affects high-altitude ecosystems; however, the relationship between distribution changes of Picea/Abies forests and millennial-scale variability of humidity is still not dear. Palynological records can provide insights into millennial-scale paleovegetation changes, which have been successfully used to reconstruct past climate change in East and Central Asia. In this study, we synthesized 24 Picea/Abies pollen and humidity/moisture changes based upon Holocene lake records in East and Central Asia in order to explore the response of high-latitude ecosystem to millennial-scale climate change. The changing pattern of Holocene lacustrine Picea/Abies pollen in arid Central Asia differs from that of monsoonal East Asia, which can be due to different millennial-scale climate change patterns between monsoonal and arid Central Asia. Then, the relationship between changes in Picea/Abies pollen and humidity/moisture conditions was examined based on a comparison of pollen and humidity/moisture records. The results indicate that millennial-scale Picea/Abies distribution changes aremainly controlled by moisture variability at high altitudes, while the temperature effect plays a minor role in Picea/Abies distribution changes. Moreover, this research proves that lacustrine Picea/Abies pollen can be used as an indicator of millennial-scale humidity/moisture evolution at high altitudes in East and Central Asia.

Practical Exploration of Ecological Restoration and Management of the Mountains-Rivers-Forests-Farmlands-Lakes-Grasslands System in the Irtysh River Basin in Altay,Xinjiang

The Irtysh River Basin refers to a water conservation area and a vital ecological barrier in Xinjiang and also partially in Central Asia.Here,the technical solution for the ecological protection and the restoration of the Mountains-Rivers-Forests-Farmlands-Lakes-Grasslands system(MRFFLGs)pilot project in the Irtysh River Basin is refined,by complying with the core concept,i.e.,"mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands are a community of life".The solution stresses the specific characteristics of ecologically protecting and restoring MRFFLGs in the Irtysh River Basin,which aim to reduce ecological water use,soil erosion,forest and grassland degradation,the ecological destruction of mines,water environment pollution and other issues.With overall protection,system restoration,district policy,and problem orientation as the overarching ideas,162 sub-items of 44 major items with seven categories have been designed and implemented in the project.In addition,some highlights of the management experience that are worth promoting when the pilot project is being implemented are also summarized(e.g.,the use of laws to solve historical problems,scientific argumentation and third-party evaluation,proactive guidance for the engagement of people,modern information technology support,and integration with local sustainable development).Lastly,four policy suggestions are proposed:(1)Building a model of systematic protection and restoration by using basins as the basic geographic unit;(2)Establishing and optimizing key weak links of systems and mechanisms;(3)Focusing on remedying the shortcomings of regional talents,technology and capital;and(4)Promoting the MRFFLGs project to integrate"industry,city,people,and tourism"for carrying out a large-scale system project.

Research on Ecological Protection and Restoration Measures in Altay Region based on the Coupling Perspective of the Mountains-Rivers-Forests-Farmlands-Lakes-Grasslands System

The adoption of both Nature-based Solutions(NbS)and a system perspective is a hot issue and an area in which there is much room for improvement in ecological protection and restoration.The study takes Altay region as an example,an area located in Xinjiang,China,which is an important ecological corridor of the national key functional area and the core area of the Belt and Road but has a fragile ecological environment and needs much enhancement in ecological protection and restoration.Guided by the concept of"mountains-rivers-forestsfarmlands-lakes-grasslands(MRFFLG)system is a life community",the coupling relationship of the various MRFFLG elements,the main ecological environmental problems and the integrated countermeasures for protection and restoration in Altay region have been analyzed in this study.The study shows that Altay region has a typical meta-ecosystem of mountain,oasis,and desert,and the connections by rivers and lakes make the ecosystem links within the region much closer.The interweaving of resource-environmental-ecological issues of the aquatic ecosystem,degradation of the quality of terrestrial ecosystems such as forests,grasslands and farmlands,the increased ecosystem fragmentation and ecological risks are the major ecological environmental issues in this region.This study takes the improvement of the ecosystem health and function in Altay region as the core goal of regional ecological protection and restoration.First,we establish a zoning governance pattern from the perspective of ecosystem integrity;second,we design governance strategies for different zones with the goal of synergistic improvements in the ecosystem functions;and finally,we clarify the key engineering tasks in different zones from the perspective of ecosystem services.Ecological conservation and restoration of the MRFFLG system is a prime example of the application and development of NbS in China.This paper constructs an analytical framework for identifying regional life communities,diagnosing ecological protection and restoration of zoning problems,and proposing classified solutions for ecological protection tasks for the protection of the MRFFLG system.This research will enrich the theory and technology for the protection and restoration of MRFFLG systems,and provide guidance for the practice of ecological protection and restoration in Altay region.

上钧锂鱼10千克

5月12日晚10时左右，渔具店老板李爱莲和几个朋友在郑州市西郊的马寨镇洞林湖钓获一条大鲤鱼，体长86厘米，胸围55厘米，重达10千克。当时李爱莲使用了一副灵敏细小的钓组，3．6米短竿，