冲积与湖积成因土壤重金属的空间分布特征及其来源——以安徽当涂县为例

位于长江中下游的安徽省当涂县的表层土壤存在多种重金属的异常带,在该区域选择河流冲积和湖积成因的表层土壤为研究对象,通过表层土壤样品的采样与分析,揭示了不同成土母质土壤中重金属含量的空间分布特征,并利用相关分析和主成分分析方法对研究区表层土壤重金属的来源进行了解析。结果表明:江心洲冲积成因的表层土壤中重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的平均含量分别为10.61mg/kg、0.35mg/kg、86.73mg/kg、42.72mg/kg、0.08mg/kg、40.36mg/kg、32.65mg/kg和104.78mg/kg,均低于当地表层土壤的背景值,土壤重金属含量的空间分布主要表现为从东北向西南方向逐渐递减的变化趋势;大陇乡湖积成因的表层土壤中重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的平均含量分别为13.26 mg/kg、0.35 mg/kg、97.30 mg/kg、45.57mg/kg、0.10mg/kg、44.36mg/kg、37.26mg/kg和125.44mg/kg,均高于当地表层土壤的背景值,Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn含量高的地方主要集中在大陇乡中部和北部,Cd含量在整个区域内偏高;相关性分析和主成分分析结果显示,江心洲冲积成因的表层土壤重金属主要为自然地质源;大陇乡湖积成因的表层土壤重金属主要来源于岩石化学风化成土过程的释放以及农业污染、煤炭燃烧等人为活动。

土壤碳酸盐间接测定方法研究及其应用

通过添加CaCO3内标法及与中和滴定法进行比较,提出了采用C/N分析仪测定的土壤总C量与重铬酸钾氧化法测定的有机C量差值估算土壤碳酸盐含量的方法。采用该方法对广西环江县喀斯特低山区石灰岩发育的土壤和湖南沅江平原湖区湖积物形成的土壤的碳酸盐含量进行了分析。结果表明,石灰岩发育的土壤,林地、旱地和稻田含碳酸盐的土样占总土样数的比例依次为50.0%、43.7%和2.1%,其土壤碳酸盐平均含量分别为134、15.7和37.1g/kg。湖积物形成的土壤,新垦旱地、熟化旱地和稻田土样100%含碳酸盐,其土壤碳酸盐平均含量分别为73.3、46.6和37.7g/kg。成土母质和土地利用方式对土壤碳酸盐含量有明显的影响。

冲积和湖积成因土壤Cd的吸附特征:以安徽省当涂县为例

为揭示冲积与湖积成因土壤镉的吸附特征,以安徽省当涂县冲积成因的江心洲和冲积、湖积成因的大陇乡根际土壤为研究对象,开展土壤镉的等温吸附实验和吸附动力学实验.等温吸附实验结果表明,冲积土壤镉的吸附量(S)、等温吸附常数(K)和固液分配系数(K_(d))均较湖积土壤明显偏大,显示冲积土壤对镉的吸附能力较湖积土壤强;吸附动力学实验表明,冲积土壤的最大吸附量、平衡吸附量均较湖积土壤大,吸附速率也明显偏大,尤其在吸附实验早期更为显著;等温吸附常数K和平衡吸附速率V_(b)与土壤理化性质的分析表明,土壤pH是造成研究区土壤镉吸附能力差异的主要原因,其次为物理性粘粒含量;土壤pH是影响研究区冲积土壤镉吸附能力的主要因素;湖积土壤镉的吸附能力受土壤pH、有机质含量、Cd含量、物理性粘粒含量等因素的综合影响.研究对于揭示Cd在水土系统的迁移转化规律以及土壤Cd的污染防治具有重要的指导意义.

Distribution of GDGTs in lake surface sediments on the Tibetan Plateau and its influencing factors

Quantitative paleotemperature records are vital not only for verifying and improving the accuracy of climate model simulations, but also for estimating the amplitude of temperature variability under global warming scenarios. The Tibetan Plateau(TP) affects atmospheric circulation patterns due to its unique geographical location and high elevation, and studies of the mechanisms of climate change on the TP are potentially extremely valuable for understanding the relationship of the region with the global climate system. With the development of biomarker-based proxies, it is possible to use lake sediments to quantitatively reconstruct past temperature variability. The source of Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraethers(GDGTs) in lake sediments is complex, and their distribution is controlled by both climatic and environmental factors. In this work, we sampled the surface sediments of 27 lakes on the TP and in addition obtained surface soil samples from six of the lake catchments. We analyzed the factors that influence GDGT distribution in the lake sediments, and established quantitative relationship between GDGTs and Mean Annual Air Temperature(MAAT). Our principal findings are as follows: the majority of GDGTs in the lake sediments are b GDGTs, followed by crenarchaeol and GDGT-0. In most of the lakes there were no significant differences between the GDGT distribution within the lake sediments and the soils in the same catchment, which indicates that the contribution of terrestrial material is important. i GDGTs in lake sediments are mainly influenced by water chemistry parameters(p H and salinity), and that in small lakes on the TP, TEX_(86) may act as a potential proxy for lake p H; however, in contrast b GDGTs in the lake sediments are mainly controlled by climatic factors. Based on the GDGT distribution in the lake sediments, we used proxies(MBT, CBT) and the fractional abundance of b GDGTs(f_(abun)) to establish calibrations between GDGTs and MAAT, respectively, which potentially provide the basis for paleoclimatic reconstruction on the TP.

Modern pollen assemblages from surface lake sediments in northwestern China and their importance as indicators of vegetation and climate

The modern pollen assemblages of surface lake sediments and topsoils in northwestern China were studied to understand the relationship of modem pollen data with contemporary vegetation and climate, and the differences between the pollen assem- blages of surface lake sediments and topsoils. The results show that Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia are dominant elements in the pollen assemblages of northwestern China. Additionally, Ephedra, Cyperaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Picea, Pinus, and Betula are also important pollen taxa. Both pollen assemblages and principal component analysis indicate that pollen data from surface lake sediments and topsoils can be used to differentiate the main vegetation types of this region （desert, steppe, mead- ow and forest）. However, differences exist between modern pollen assemblages of the two types of sediments due to the dif- ferent relevant source areas of pollen and degrees of pollen preservation. For example, the larger relevant source area of sur- face lake sediment results in a higher abundance of Betula in pollen assemblage from surface lake sediment, whereas the ten- dency to disintegrate thin-walled pollen types in topsoil leads to a higher proportion of resistant pollen, such as Asteraceae. Linear regression analysis indicates that the Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae （A/C） ratio in pollen assemblages of surface lake sedi- ments can be used to indicate humidity changes in the study area. However, the A/C ratio in topsoils should be used carefully. Our results suggest that pollen data from surface lake sediments would be better references for interpreting the fossil pollen assemblages of lake cores or lacustrine profiles.

Distinct distribution revealing multiple bacterial sources for 1-Omonoalkyl glycerol ethers in terrestrial and lake environments

The 1-O-monoalkyl glycerol ethers （MAGEs） were initially viewed as the biomarkers for sulfate-reducing bacteria （SRB） me- diating anaerobic oxidation of methane in the marine environments. However, limited information is known about their distri- bution in terrestrial and other aquatic settings including soils, fresh water lakes, and cave sediments, which may obscure our understanding of their biological sources. Here we found that MAGEs were ubiquitous but differed obviously in distributional pattern among those environments. The surface soils are dominated generally by iC15：0-MAGE, followed by nCI6：o-MAGE whereas the lake sediments show the opposite, resulting in significantly higher iC15：0/nC16：0 ratios in soils than in lake sedi- ments. The cave deposits are characterized by considerably higher proportions of branched MAGEs than the former two envi- ronments. The logarithm of iC15：0/aC15：0 ratio shows a significant negative correlation with soil pH, likely reflecting an adapta- tion of microbial cell membrane to change in the ambient proton concentration. The MAGE profiles in cultured bacteria cannot fully explain the MAGE distribution in all the samples analyzed. Therefore, MAGEs in soil, lake sediments, and cave deposits likely have additional biological source（s） other than SRB and cultured MAGE-producing bacteria. The difference in MAGE pattern among environments is likely to be attributed to change in microbial communities.