A novel embedded sensor network records changes in key climatic-environmental variables over a range of altitude in the BaekduDaegan Mountain （BDM） of Gangwon Province in Korea, a protected mountain region with uniq...A novel embedded sensor network records changes in key climatic-environmental variables over a range of altitude in the BaekduDaegan Mountain （BDM） of Gangwon Province in Korea, a protected mountain region with unique biodiversity undergoing climate change research. The investigated area is subdivided into three horizontal north-south study areas. Three variables, temperature （T, °C）, relative humidity （RH, %）, and light intensity （LI, lumens m-2, or lux, lx）, have been continuously measured at hourly intervals from June, 2olo to September, 2011 using HOBO H8 devices at lO fixed study sites. These hourly observations are aggregated to monthly, seasonal and annual mean values, and results are summarized to inaugurate a long-term climate change investigation. A region wide T difference in accordance with altitude, or lapse rate, over the interval is calculated as o.4°C l00 m-1. T lapse rates change seasonally, with winter lapse rates being greater than those of summer. RH is elevated in summer compared to other seasons. LI within forestland is lower during summer and higher during other seasons. The obtained results could closely relate to the vegetation type and structure and the terrain state since data loggers were located in forestland.展开更多
The East Calcutta Wetlands （West Bengal, India） receive the urban sewage of Calcutta. Part of the wetlands is also used as a landfill. A sizeable peri-urban population （some resident, some commuting） are engaged i...The East Calcutta Wetlands （West Bengal, India） receive the urban sewage of Calcutta. Part of the wetlands is also used as a landfill. A sizeable peri-urban population （some resident, some commuting） are engaged in the area in fishing, agriculture, vegetable farming and garbage recycling activities. The importance of the wetlands is that they maintain the food chain and ecological balance, absorb pollution, treat sewage, and sustain fishes. This study of the Wetlands aimed to： [1） identify the local livelihoods based on use of urban wastewater; （2） estimate the value of direct benefits derived by these stakeholders from its use; and （3） estimate the environmental impact of East Calcutta Wetlands on stakeholders. Three main livelihood options using wastewater were identified： fisheries, paddy cultivation and garbage farming. Use of urban wastewater provides significant income for the poor residing in the wetlands. However adverse environmental and health impacts are occurring as urban expansion is allowed without an understanding of how to preserve the ecological, environmental and economic benefits of the sewage-fed aquaculture system. Focused and directed developmental programs must be devised to protect the East Calcutta Wetlands while improving the living standards of the people residing there.展开更多
文摘A novel embedded sensor network records changes in key climatic-environmental variables over a range of altitude in the BaekduDaegan Mountain （BDM） of Gangwon Province in Korea, a protected mountain region with unique biodiversity undergoing climate change research. The investigated area is subdivided into three horizontal north-south study areas. Three variables, temperature （T, °C）, relative humidity （RH, %）, and light intensity （LI, lumens m-2, or lux, lx）, have been continuously measured at hourly intervals from June, 2olo to September, 2011 using HOBO H8 devices at lO fixed study sites. These hourly observations are aggregated to monthly, seasonal and annual mean values, and results are summarized to inaugurate a long-term climate change investigation. A region wide T difference in accordance with altitude, or lapse rate, over the interval is calculated as o.4°C l00 m-1. T lapse rates change seasonally, with winter lapse rates being greater than those of summer. RH is elevated in summer compared to other seasons. LI within forestland is lower during summer and higher during other seasons. The obtained results could closely relate to the vegetation type and structure and the terrain state since data loggers were located in forestland.
文摘The East Calcutta Wetlands （West Bengal, India） receive the urban sewage of Calcutta. Part of the wetlands is also used as a landfill. A sizeable peri-urban population （some resident, some commuting） are engaged in the area in fishing, agriculture, vegetable farming and garbage recycling activities. The importance of the wetlands is that they maintain the food chain and ecological balance, absorb pollution, treat sewage, and sustain fishes. This study of the Wetlands aimed to： [1） identify the local livelihoods based on use of urban wastewater; （2） estimate the value of direct benefits derived by these stakeholders from its use; and （3） estimate the environmental impact of East Calcutta Wetlands on stakeholders. Three main livelihood options using wastewater were identified： fisheries, paddy cultivation and garbage farming. Use of urban wastewater provides significant income for the poor residing in the wetlands. However adverse environmental and health impacts are occurring as urban expansion is allowed without an understanding of how to preserve the ecological, environmental and economic benefits of the sewage-fed aquaculture system. Focused and directed developmental programs must be devised to protect the East Calcutta Wetlands while improving the living standards of the people residing there.
