丁二酸气溶胶吸湿生长后结构和界面的分子动力学模拟

基于分子动力学方法模拟了丁二酸气溶胶的吸湿生长现象,研究了温度和水含量对颗粒平衡后结构和界面特性的综合影响机制。结果表明,温度和水含量会影响丁二酸的溶剂化分子数,从而导致颗粒吸湿生长后呈现水包酸的分层结构、混合结构和酸包水的分层结构。颗粒表面丁二酸含量随温度的升高先增加后减少,且随水含量的增加而增加。此外,温度高于260 K时,颗粒表面丁二酸分子的亲水基和疏水基分别朝向颗粒内部和气相。

冰雹热传输问题的实验研究——湿生长过程中的热传输问题

本文以冰雹的热量平衡问题研究为基础,利用多伦多大学垂直可控压结冰风洞,模拟冰雹的生长与融化,研究了冰雹的热传输特性,建立了冰雹热传输系数与其自身特征和环境条件之间的关系,为冰雹的深入研究提供了可靠的物理依据。

黄土高原作物生长季近地层干湿状况变化特征

深入分析黄土高原近地层作物生长季干湿变化及其分布特征,为应对气候变化、保护生态与自然环境提供依据。基于黄土高原气候要素资料,应用Penman-Monteith模型计算作物生长季湿润指数,研究近地层干湿特征。研究区域作物生长季湿润指数从东南向西北依次减小。作物生长季近地层干湿状况的异常空间分布可分为以下3个关键区：高原东北部区、高原南部区、高原西部区,除高原东北部区外,近地层年平均湿润指数均呈显著下降趋势,分别在1978年和1979年发生了由湿变干的显著突变。作物生长季近地层干湿状况的3个空间分区中,近地层年湿润指数存在显著的3~4年的周期振荡;高原南部和西部区域还存在显著的5~6年和7~8年的周期振荡。黄土高原干旱化趋势腹地最大,边缘次之。干旱化呈现出明显从腹地向四周扩散状态分布特征。

气温和保湿遮荫方法对油茶树高接换冠的影响

在3个不同年度的气温条件下,采用2种接穗保湿遮荫方法,对油茶树嫁接的成活率、新梢生长进行研究。试验表明,采用笋壳+遮荫网方法进行保湿遮荫的嫁接成活率和新梢生长量明显高于采用报纸+遮荫网方法的,二者间差异极为显著。嫁接当月气温对嫁接成活率的影响不显著,对嫁接后油茶树新梢生长的影响极为显著。

Effects of Fertilization on Growth and Soil of Middle-aged Slash Pine Forest

In order to promote the growth of mid-aged Pinus elliottii plantation, the effects of different fertilizing amounts of formula fertilizer were studied on the growth, the soil and cost-benefit of 9 year-old Pinus el/iottii plantations in the north- ern part of Hunan, China. Three years after fertilization, the results showed that the increments of DBH, height, individual volume and stock volume of stand, and the fertilizer benefit of the different fertilization treatments were higher than the control to varying degrees, and among them, 700 g/tree was the best for promoting the growth of Pinus elliottii. Two years fertilization, the soil nutrients were improved compared with before, pH values of different layers decreased, organic matter and rapid available K contents increased, and rapid available N content increased dra- matically with the upper layer having an increase higher than the lower one; rapid available P decreased at different levels with the upper layer having a decrease lower than the lower one; and proper application of fertilizer could promote the growth of Pisolithus tinctofius, and 7 months after fertilization, the number of Pisolithus fruiting body generally increased with the increase of the fertilizer within 100-800 g/tree. The yield and benefit per unit area could be increased by fertiliza- tion for 1 time in middle-aged Pinus elliottii plantations, and the best fertilizing amount was N-P-K fertilizer 700 g/tree.

Influence of main site factors on Fraxinus mandshurica (Oleaceae) plantation

the investigation was carried out on 10-year-old plantation of Fraxinus mandshurica in Mao抏r Mountain Experimental Station of Northeast Forest University. Tree height (H), diameter at breast height (D1.3) and the increment of tree height in 5 years (H5), the thickness of humus layer, as well as the soil moisture were measured for the plantation and the growth indexes (H, D1.3, H5) for different site conditions were analyzed. The results showed that main site factors influencing the growth of Fraxinus mandshurica were soil moisture, gradient and location of slope in order. The growth of Fraxinus mandshurica was better on the middle- or up-slope site than on the down-slope site. Soil moisture and late frost caused by terrain are the main reasons that limit the growth of Fraxinus mandshurica plantation.

Seasonal Changes of Energy Fluxes in an Estuarine Wetland of Shanghai,China

The energy budget and regulating factors were investigated over an estuarine wetland during one year of continuous measurement in 2006.The results show that the seasonal changes of the energy fluxes and Bowen ratio(β) were greatly affected by incoming shortwave radiation and canopy growth.During the non-growing season and early-growing season, sensible heat(H) dominated the energy flux, and β could reach a maximum of 2.5, while during most of the growing season, latent heat dominated the energy flux and β fluctuated from 0.4 to 1.0.The energy budget ratio in growing season was about 0.76, and the value would be higher if heat exchange during tidal flooding was in-cluded.During tidal flooding days, β was slightly higher than that at exposure days in most cases.Vegetation cover seems exert little effect on energy partitioning except in March when the standing dead grass intercepted the incoming radiation that might reach the soil surface and reduce the turbulence between soil and atmosphere, thus suppressing the evaporation from the soil though the soil mositure was high at that time.

Streamflow and Soil Moisture of Agroforestry and Grass Watersheds in Hilly Area

A study was conducted in a hilly area of Sichuan Province,Southwestern China, to compare the streamflow and soil moisture in two upland watersheds with different land use patterns. One was an agroforestry watershed, which consisted mainly of trees with alder (Alnus cremastogyne Burkill) and cypress (Cupressus funebris Endl.) planted in belts or strips with a coverage of about 46%, and the other was a grassland primarily composed of lalang grass (Imperata cylindrica var. major (Nees) C. E. Hubb.), filamentary clematis (Clematis filamentosa Dunn) and common eulaliopsis (Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) C. E. Hubb) with a coverage of about 44%. Streamflow measurement with a hydrograph established at the watershed outlet showed that the average annual streamflow per 100 mm rainfall from 1983 to 1992 was 0.36 and 1.08 L s-1 km-2 for the agroforestry watershed and the grass watershed, respectively. This showed that the streamflow of the agroforestry watershed was reduced by 67% when compared to that of the grass watershed. The peak average monthly streamflow in the agroforestry watershed was over 5 times lower than that of the grass watershed and lagged by one month. In addition, the peak streamflow during a typical rainfall event of 38.3 mm in August 1986 was 37% lower in the agroforestry watershed than in the grass watershed. Results of the moisture contents of the soil samples from 3 slope locations (upper, middle and lower slopes) indicated that the agroforestry watershed maintained generally higher soil moisture contents than the grass watershed within 0-20 and 20-80 cm soil depths for the upper slope, especially for the period from May through July. For the other (middle and lower) slopes, soil moisture contents within 20-80 cm depth in the agroforestry watershed was generally lower than those in the grass watershed, particularly in September, revealing that water consumption by trees took place mainly below the plow layer. Therefore, agroforestry land use types might offer a complimentary model for tree-annual crop water utilization.

Facile synthesis of single-crystalline rutile TiO_2 nano-rods by solution method

A convenient and scalable technique for the synthesis of rutile titanium dioxide(TiO2) nano-rods was presented by using bulk TiO2 powder, sodium hydroxide(NaOH) and distilled water as raw materials. X-ray diffraction(XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM) studies indicate that the prepared sample is crystalline and free from any impurities, however, it has no distinct shape and possesses a huge degree of agglomeration, and the average crystal size is around 40 nm. After annealing the sample at 600 °C for 2 h, it is observed through FESEM that nano-rods are formed. And XRD analysis shows that the nano-rods are single crystalline with distinct and smooth surfaces in different sizes with average length of about 1 μm and diameter of about 80 nm. Further UV-visible spectroscopy and Raman studies were conducted for the prepared sample and the band gap of the final product is found to be 3.40 eV.

Impact of elevated CO_2 concentration under three soil water levels on growth of Cinnamomum camphora

Forest plays very important roles in global system with about 35% land area producing about 70% of total land net production. It is important to consider both elevated CO2 concentrations and different soil moisture when the possible effects of elevated CO2 concentration on trees are assessed. In this study, we grew Cinnamomum camphora seedlings under two CO2 concentrations （350 μmol/mol and 500μmnol/mol） and three soil moisture levels [80%, 60% and 40% FWC （field water capacity）] to focus on the effects of exposure of trees to elevated CO2 on underground and aboveground plant growth, and its dependence on soil moisture. The results indicated that high CO2 concentration has no significant effects on shoot height but significantly impacts shoot weight and ratio of shoot weight to height under three soil moisture levels. The response of root growth to CO2 enrichment is just reversed, there are obvious effects on root length growth, but no effects on root weight growth and ratio of root weight to length. The CO2 enrichment decreased 20.42%, 32.78%, 20.59% of weight ratio of root to shoot under 40%, 60% and 80% FWC soil water conditions, respectively. And elevated CO2 concentration significantly increased the water content in aboveground and underground parts. Then we concluded that high CO2 concentration favours more tree aboveground biomass growth than underground biomass growth under favorable soil water conditions. And CO2 enrichment enhanced lateral growth of shoot and vertical growth of root. The responses of plants to elevated CO2 depend on soil water availability, and plants may benefit more from CO2 enrichment with sufficient water supply.

Expression of Activated Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Transcription Factor E2F in Condyloma Accuminata

Objective: To study the expression of activated epi-dermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and transcrip-tion factor E2F (E2F) in Condyloma Accuminata(CA)patients. Methods: Immunofluorescent techniques were usedto investigate the expression of activated EGFR andE2F in CA patients. Results: The expression of activated EGFR on themembrane of epithelial cells in CA lesions was sig-nificantly greater compared to expression levers inthe control group (P<0.01). Moreover, the co-expres-sion of activated EGFR and E2F was significantly in-creased compared to the control group (P<0.01). Conclusion: Our observations suggest that the in-crease in activated EGFR expression may stimulatehyperplasia in CA patients through the activation oftranscription factor E2F.

金刚石研究的历史进展——单晶金刚石薄膜

人类在很早以前就发现了天然金刚石,虽然在自然界可以找到很大的金刚石晶体,但数量很少,很昂贵,只能作装饰品,为皇冠上的明珠,不能大量工业应用。1959年英国的M·P·Bovenkerk等用人造方法在高温高压下合成金刚石颗粒获得成功,为工业上大量应用金刚石颗粒开辟了道路,为制作切削工具,

Evapotranspiration and Removal Performance in the Treatment of High Salinity LandfilI-Leachate Using HSF

In this study, the water budget in the treatment of high salinity landfill-leachate was estimated and the influence of evapotranspiration （ET） on treatment performance was investigated. The salinity of the inside of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland （HSF） of the raw leachate inflow was 15.0± 3.4 g.Cl/L which was in the level of the salinity of the survival limit of reed, and that of the double diluted leachate inflow was 9.3 ± 1.9 g.CI7L. There were large differences in the vegetation between HSF of the raw leachate inflow and that of the double diluted leachate inflow. The dense vegetation bed of double diluted leachate inflow during the growing season （April-October） provided a high ET and a large water loss, which made great contributions to the reduction of the outflow load of COD and T-N. The HSF with die-back reeds in the non-growing season （November-March） provided a slight ET and a small water loss and made less of a contribution to pollutant removal compared to the HSF with dense vegetation bed during the growing season. However, the HSF with die-back reeds during the non-growing season exhibited higher removal performance than the unplanted HSF.

Responses of Carex lasiocarpa Morphorlogical Characters to Water Regimes at Different Growth Stages

[Objective] The morphological characters of C.lasiocarpa were studied to find its morphological responses to different water regimes and growth stretagies through different water experiences.[Method] A seeding transplanting experiment with controlled water levels was set up,and the water level was changed at the middle of the season to compare water influence at the seeding stage and later growing period.C.lasiocarpa height,leaf length,leaf number,rhizome and adventitious roots length were measured at certain time througth the growing season.[Result] Results at the thriving season indicated that C.lasiocarpa height and leaf length in the experiment were similar to that in the field,but leaf number was higher under-5 cm water level and dry-wet alternate conditions than that in the field.At later growth period,height and leaf length under constant flooding(15cm) was significantly higher than that under other culture conditions,and also that of the field investigation;while the leaf number had a trend as-5 cm water level treatment>constant flooding>dry-wet alternate>field investigation.The height and leaf length were sensitive to seeding stage water effects,and leaf number sensitive to later influences.[Conclusion] Changes of water regimes in the growing season disturbed the growth of C.lasiocarpa,could accelerate or suspend its wilt,and modified the length of life history.

Changes of Circulating Platelet-Derived Growth Factor and Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor in Patients with Condyloma Acuminatum

Objective: To study the expression levels of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and granulocyte colony-stimulatingfactor (G-CSF) in peripheral blood and their role in thepathogenesis of Condyloma acuminatum (CA). Methods: Sera were taken from 70 patients with Condylomaacuminatum and compared with 35 healthy controls. PDGFand G-CSF in serum were quantitated using a dual antibodysandwich enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Serum concentrations of PDGF and G-CSF weresignificantly increased in patients with Condylomaacuminatum (CA) compared to controls (P<0.001 and P<0.005respectively). Serum levels of PDGF and G-CSF correlatedwith clinical severity of CA, but no significant difference wasobserved between different duration of disease groups. Asignificant positive correlation was noticed between neutrophilcount and G-CSF levels (γ=0.38, P<0.001), and the neutrophilcount showed no significant correlation with PDGE Conclusion: The results indicated that increased expressionof PDGF an -CSF in peripheral blood might be involved in pathogenesis of CA.

煤矸石负载Fe/FeO_(x)纳米颗粒的制备及其对镉的吸附性能

为了采用一系列工艺对煤矸石进行提纯,采用硼氢化钠化学液相还原法制备了煤矸石负载的Fe/FeO纳米颗粒(nFe/FeO_(x)-Gangue),用于吸附水中重金属离子Cd(Ⅱ)。在均匀设计的基础上,考察了铁与煤矸石质量比、硼铁摩尔比、还原速度等因素对nFe/FeO_(x)-Gangue的影响。采用XRD、TEM、BET和TGADSC对合成的样品进行了表征,发现Fe/FeO纳米颗粒或独立存在于煤矸石表面,或串联成链吸附在矿物表面、尖锐的边缘和角缘,其中固定在粘土矿物表面的颗粒大部分呈球形,分散良好,偶有少量球状或块状聚集体。多个样品比对结果显示,铁与煤矸石质量比(g/g)应保持在1.6,合适的硼铁摩尔比为4或4.5。吸附结果显示,nFe/FeO_(x)-Gangue对Cd(Ⅱ)的去除效果在很大程度上取决于pH值,pH值为5,室温条件下接触10 min后,nFe/FeO_(x)-Gangue对Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率达83%,再生的nFe/FeO_(x)-Gangue在5.0 mg/L溶液中连续第6次吸附Cd(Ⅱ)效率达99.12%,煤矸石负载的Fe/FeO纳米颗粒可应用于水中重金属离子的吸附。

Growing season relative humidity variations and possible impacts on Hulunbuir grassland

A relative humidity series of April-August during 1825-2009 AD was reconstructed based on tree- ring width of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica for the Hulunbuir area. During the past 185 years, 25 humid years and 26 arid years were identified in the reconstruction, as well as 6 wet periods and 6 dry periods. The relative humidity has decreased since approximately the 1950s, suggesting a warm and dry climate trend in the study area. The reconstruction can be compared with those of the surrounding tree ring reconstructed precipitation and rela- tive humidity series at the decadal scale, reflecting the consistency of the regional climate variations. Besides, significant positive correlations are revealed between the reconstruction and the normalized difference vegetation index of the Hulunbuir grassland. And the decrease in relative humidity will cause negative impacts on the Hulunbuir grassland. Comparisons between the sandstorm records and the relative humidity of the study area indicate that strong sandstorms occurred more frequently in Hulunbuir when the relative humidity was low. Therefore, under the downward trend in relative humidity, more effort should be made to protect the grassland ecology and treat the bare sand land for the local and surrounding areas.

Effects of Different Biochars on Pinus elliottii Growth,N Use Efficiency,Soil N_2O and CH_4 Emissions and C Storage in a Subtropical Area of China

Intensive management of planted forests may result in soil degradation and decline in timber yield with successive rotations. Biochars may be beneficial for plant production, nutrient uptake and greenhouse gas mitigation. Biochar properties vary widely and are known to be highly dependent on feedstocks, but their effects on planted forest ecosystem are elusive. This study investigated the effects of chicken manure biochar, sawdust biochar and their feedstocks on 2-year-old Pinus elliottii growth, fertilizer N use efficiency （NUE）, soil N20 and CH4 emissions, and C storage in an acidic forest soil in a subtropical area of China for one year. The soil was mixed with materials in a total of 8 treatments： non-amended control （CK）; sawdust at 2.16 kg m^-2 （SD）; chicken manure at 1.26 kg m^-2 （CM）; sawdust biochar at 2.4 kg m^-2 （SDB）; chicken manure biochar at 2.4 kg m^-2 （CMB）; 15N-fertilizer alone （10.23 atom% 15N） （NF）; sawdust biochar at 2.4 kg m^-2 plus lSN-fertilizer （SDBN） and chicken manure biochar at 2.4 kg m^-2 plus 15N-fertilizer （CMBN）. Results showed that the CMB treatment increased P. elliottii net primary production （aboveground biomass plus litterfall） and annual net C fixation （ANCF） by about 180% and 157%, respectively, while the the SDB treatment had little effect on P. eUiottii growth. The 15N stable isotope labelling technique revealed that fertilizer NUE was 22.7% in CK, 25.5% in the NF treatment, and 37.0% in the CMB treatment. Chicken manure biochar significantly increased soil pH, total N, total P, total K, available P and available K. Only 2% of the N in chicken manure biochar was available to the tree. The soil N20 emission and CH4 uptake showed no significant differences among the treatments. The apparent C losses from the SD and CM treatments were 35% and 61%, respectively; while those from the CMB and SDB treatments were negligible. These demonstrated that it is crucial to consider biochar properties while evaluating their effects on plant growth and C sequestration.

Wafer-level site-controlled growth of silicon nanowires by Cu pattern dewetting

An approach for the wafer-level synthesis of size- and site-controlled amorphous silicon nanowires （α-SiNWs） is presented in this paper. Microscale Cu pattern arrays are precisely defined on SiO2 films with the help of photolithography and wet etching. Due to dewetting, Cu atoms shrink to the center of patterns during the annealing process, and react with the SiO2 film to open a diffusion channel for Si atoms to the substrate, α-SiNWs finally grow at the center of Cu patterns, and can be tuned by varying critical factors such as Cu pattern volume, SiO2 thickness, and annealing time. This offers a simple way to synthesize and accurately position a SiNW array on a large area.