浙江《源园》设计构思──自然、传统与个性

通过地域性很强的造园要素分析，介绍了极富自然、传统与个性的浙江《源园》。

“源园”展区规划设计

源园是厦门园博会三明展园,结合基础地形特征,利用不同植物改善和美化环境,巧妙应用自然、人工两大要素,从多个方面展示"两岸同根同源"的主题,营造反映三明自然景观和人文景观特色的展园,简要介绍其规划设计。

“源”园设计理念在现代墓园中的应用探讨

墓园是埋葬死者以及供生者表达怀念和追思的去处,是人类生活的必要组成部分,是城市绿地系统的重要组成部分。根据现代墓园的具体特点和发展方向,提出了以"源"园理念指导现代墓园规划设计的构想,并对何为"源""源"园的功能和"源"园的主题等内容进行解析。同时,结合案例研究,以"源"园设计理念,通过"源"园结合,以"源"写园,从空间结构、葬式葬法、绿化种植和建筑小品等方面对安徽亳州云都墓园进行规划设计,并对中国今后如何提升现代墓园规划设计水平进行了归纳总结。

源[缘]园工程建设回眸

回顾第六届中国国际园林花卉博览会三明展区—源园建设过程,简述门楼、青砖照壁、风雨廊桥等工程景点的特点及采取的技术措施、质量控制及工程后的省思。

让最老工人新村重返区“青春”——上海市曹杨新村街道源园社区精细化管理

源园社区(即曹杨一村)始建于1951年,是新中国成立后,全国大规模建设的第一个工人住宅社区。社区以“邻里单位”为理念的前瞻规划,将“人与自然和谐共处”作为重要原则,社区内基础设施完备、围墙外公共配套齐全,居民出行、购物、办事、休闲均十分便捷通畅,是最早的“15分钟社区生活圈”雏形,也是上海劳动模范、先进工作者的集中居住区,素有“劳模新村”美誉。

缝隙辐射源近远场转换的园柱面等效磁流法

介绍利用圆柱面上的等效磁流源进行缝隙辐射源近场到近场与远场的转换.利用辐射源近场的模拟测量数据确定假设的圆柱面上的等效磁流源,进而推算出其近场和远场辐射特性.采用圆柱面比采用平面更易于工程实现.给出了关于测量近场和等效源之间关系的电场积分方程,并通过矩量法将积分方程转化为矩阵方程.使用奇异值分解法求解矩阵方程的最小二乘解.给出了单个缝隙天线以及缝隙阵列的近场和远场计算结果,与解析公式的计算结果相吻合,从而证明了所提出的方法的正确性.

Jordanian Horticultural Export Competitiveness from Water Perspective

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the relationships between the productive process and the commercial trade with water resources used by them. For that the goal is to find out, by means of the estimation of water embodied in the exported crops which have the highest export competitiveness and lower water consumption. The finding contradicts not only the comparative advantages theory but also the resources sustainability logic. This conclusion is derived from the great exports of water via tomatoes and low profitable vegetables from producers＇ perspective but not economical from social perspectives as shown in domestic resource coefficient. The diversion between financial and economic profitability is due to heavily irrigation water subsidy. The results confirm that Jordan utilizes large amounts of water in its exports, and in turn, it does not export goods with low water requirements. The potential saving would be very significant and agricultural sector need to modify the use of water to a great extent in order to reach significant water savings and an environmental sustainability. Jordan has to implement policies that reduced, or even abandoned, the export and the production of water-intensive crops. Therefore, they have to be replaced with either imports or crops that optimize the water resources.

Carbon sequestration of plantation in Beijing-Tianjin sand source areas

The Beijing-Tianjin Sand Source Control Project(BTSSCP), a national ecological restoration project, was launched to construct an ecological protection system in the Beijing-Tianjin sand source areas to reduce dust hazards. The carbon sequestration dynamics can be used to assess the ecological effects of an ecological restoration project. Here, we conducted vegetation and soil study to assess the carbon sequestration in the plantations with 10 years old stands in Beijing-Tianjin sand source areas. The results at the site scales indicated that the average net increase of plantation ecosystem carbon stock was 33.8 Mg C ha^(-1), with an annual increase rate of 3.38 Mg C ha^(-1) yr^(-1). The average net increase of carbon varied among regions, vegetation types, and forest management activities. Soil bulk density in the top soil decreased slightly after 10-year implementation of the project. Coniferous forests and shrubs are suitable plant species for sand source areas.Natural restoration in the plantations is a practical and feasible and promising approach for enhancing ecosystem carbon sequestration potential.

Recreational potential as an indicator of accessibility control in protected mountain forest areas

The article presents research findings related to recreational use of forests located in protected mountainous areas with forestage of over 80%. The study was designed to identify recreational potential of the Carpathian national parks （Bieszczady National Park, Bahia G6ra National Park, Goree National Park and Magura National Park; southern Poland） and to compare these findings with the actual number of visitors. The information received on the recreational potential of parks is important from the point of view of protection of natural resources and the financial situation of the parks. The calculated ratio may be an effective tool of management for park administration, that allows to reconcile statutory social and protective functions of national parks. The study determined the recreational potential of the forests with the use of recreational valorisation method designed for areas with varied terrain, and the evaluated factors included the stands of trees with their habitat and land relief. The permissible number of national park visitors, expressed as man- hour/ha/year ranges from 19.31 in Bieszczady National Park （BG： 19~ 35＇ E, 49~ 35＇ N） to 32.06 in in Bieszczady National Park （B： 22~ 40＇ E, 49~ lo＇ N）. In 3 out of 4 investigated parks, Magura National Park （M： 21025＇ E, 49~ 30＇ N）, Gorce National Park （G： 20~ lo＇ E, 49~ 35＇ N）, B） recreation carrying capacity was not exceeded, whether or not the strictly protected area is taken into account. Only in BG was the recreation carrying capacity exceeded by nearly 24%, or by 85% if the strictly protected area isexcluded from tourism-related exploitation. The presented procedure for monitoring access to mountain forests in national parks, from the viewpoint of natural resources conservation, can be applied in other mountainous areas covered with forests and exposed to tourist and recreational traffic, and in forests facing particular risk of recreational damage, e.g. in urban and suburban forests growing in areas with varied orography.

Experience and lessons from tourism exploitation in Wulingyuan World Natural Heritage

From 1980s to 1990s, Wulingyuan World Natural Heritage in Hunan Province witnessed improper and overexploitation which has obviously imposed a negative impact upon its tourism resources. The weak ecological awareness of the related government decision-makers, the poor management, backward regulation constructions, the immature tourist market mechanism as well as the great pressure brought about by the tourist demands all account for this serious outcome. Therefore, in the future, it is essential to further deal with the relations properly between the opening and protection of the heritages, the relations between tourism industry and economic and social development so as to gradually realize in tourist activities a harmony between human beings and tourism resources and environment, a coordinated development among tourism industry, the other industries and social undertakings. Meanwhile, the future tourism development in this area should take a major form of sustainable civilized tourism to give full play to its scientific research, aesthetic and educational functions while developing commercial mass tourism moderately with restricted capacity control under the principle of maintaining the original features and intactness of this invaluable world natural heritage.

Experience of Planning the Local Climate Change Adaptation Plan in Taoyuan

Based on the experience of emergency operation on earthquake and flooding in local and foreign countries, the secondary disasters of fire, damage of critical infrastructure usually harmed lives or disturbed living condition. In order to safeguard people＇s lives and property safety, Taoyuan City Government, except for elementary public facilities, added standardized disaster prevention parks and detention ponds in the zone-expropriation project at Chunglu area. The zone-expropriation project at Chunglu, Taoyuan is designed for 487,600 residents in 2021. The area of public facilities of park, school, road and green land is 50.7 ha, 41.88% of total development area of 122.06 ha, in which, the capacity of disaster prevention parks at Chunglu area is designed for 3,164 refugee in 7.54 ha. An underground storage construction, withstand 7-magnitude earthquake, could supply the amount of water consumption of 3 L daily per person, lasting at least four weeks. The capacity of two detention ponds is 87,800 m3. During normal times, the disaster prevention park and detention ponds can be used as a recreational space for residents. When a disaster occurs, shelters are set up in the parks to accommodate residents to protect lives and property. And, detention ponds could adjust outflow discharge into neighborhood drainage system to mitigate disaster happening. Because the construction of standardized disaster prevention park with climate change needs much more land area, the acquisition of private land area is very difficult either general acquisition or zone expropriation in urban area. During each stage of zone expropriation, the support of landlord and Mayor Wu is very important. By means of public participation, information meeting was held hundreds times and revised content according to landlord＇s positive opinion. Moreover, the design idea and content was discussed with consultant-company mutually from time to time. Fortunately, this project is finished successfully and got award from Public Construction Council of Taiwan in 2014.

Existing problems that TVU have on learning support service system

There are some existing problems that TVU have on learning support service system. By analyzing the status quo of TVU learning support system, we raise problems such as current quality of personnel, teaching resources, part-time teacher management, teaching facilities, campus culture and other issues.

Botanical Assessment of Forest Genetic Resources Used in Traditional Cosmetic in Togo （West Africa）

In the current context of REDD＋ opportunities, it is important to evaluate forest genetic resources for local communities＇ benefits. The aim of this ethnobotanical survey with an emphasis in cosmetopoeia--by referring to the word pharmacopoeia--was to explore, investigate, collect and identify natural resources used in traditional cosmetic in Togo for that purpose. The specific objectives were （i） to inventory plant species used as cosmetic in Togolese ethnocultural groups, and （ii） to describe their biological forms for their sustainable use. Based on ethnobotanical approach, this survey identified through multistage sampling design and semi-structured interview, 177 plant species belonging to 167 genera and 59 families with 82.45% dicotyledonous and 17.55% monocotyledonous species. According to life forms, these species were distributed as ligneous （56.50%） and herbaceous （43.50%）. The computation of Whittaker＇s Index of Association led to three communities of ethnic groups. The explanatory effect of the ethnic based-tradition was significant and confirmed by Monte Carlo permutation test （P = 0.0020） after 499 permutations under split-plot constraints. This first outline confirmed ethnobotany as a viable tool in search for plant genetic resources in cosmetic industries. These findings could be incorporated into future conservation management plans of forest genetic resources in Togo and other tropical countries.

Drivers of Residents’Livelihood Resilience in Sanjiangyuan National Park,China:From PLS-SEM and fs/QCA

This study investigates the effects of tourism development perception,adaptive capacity,and transformation capacity on the residents’livelihood resilience in a national park.Using the Yellow River Source Park in Sanjiangyuan National Park,China as a case study,this study simultaneously used the partial least squares structural equation model(PLS-SEM)and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis(fs/QCA)to explore the linear and nonlinear dynamic impacts among the variables.PLS-SEM analysis revealed that adaptive capacity and transformation capacity positively affect livelihood resilience;tourism development perception negatively affects livelihood resilience but positively affects adaptive capacity and transformation capacity.Tourism development perception and adaptive capacity can positively influence livelihood resilience through transformation capacity.The fs/QCA revealed that simple antecedent variables do not constitute a necessary condition for promoting residents'high livelihood resilience,which depends on the conditions combined with another element.The analysis identified two combination paths of high livelihood resilience and three combination paths of low livelihood resilience,where adaptive and transformation capacity are essential for triggering high livelihood resilience,and tourism development perception is a significant driver of low livelihood resilience.

Functional Zoning Mode and Management Measures of Qianjiangyuan National Park based on Ecological Sensitivity Evaluation

Functional zoning is an important guarantee for regulating the land use intensity of national parks and maintaining the integrity and stability of natural ecosystem.In this paper,we tease out of the functional zoning models and methods based on the empirical analysis of the world national parks,and then take the Qianjiangyuan National Park(QNP)as an example,study the functional zoning method based on ecological sensitivity.Results show that,the goal of national park construction in the world is changing from enhancing national cohesion to displaying the national image,from the pure natural protection and recreation use to protection of the comprehensive function of natural ecosystem integrity protection,recreation,environmental education,etc.The establishment of QNP is to protect the natural ecosystem of sub-tropical lowland broad-leaved evergreen forest,also to meet the community development and recreational consume of large population in Eastern China.So this paper establishes an evaluation index system based on ecological sensitivity,combining ecosystem services,potential habitats of important species,and development opportunities.Based on the analysis result,the functional zoning of QNP can be divided into strict protection area,ecological conservation area,traditional using area and recreational area.In this way,it can make the functional partition reflect system controls thought in area difference and space layout,and take the corresponding management measures in different functional areas,to promote the sustainable evolution of the natural ecological system in national park.

Resident Willingness to Pay for Ecotourism Resources and Associated Factors in Sanjiangyuan National Park,China

Willingness to Pay(WTP),Willingness to Work(WTW)and Willingness to Accept Compensation(WTA)are the three quantitative criteria for assessing local ecological asset values for the social aspects of ecosystem services and residents’willingness to contribute to and receive compensation for tourism ecology.The objectives of this study are to estimate the residents’willingness to pay,work and accept compensation for conservation at Sanjiangyuan National Park,and to analyze the relationship between residents’attitude towards tourism ecology and the ecological assets of the National Park based on a standard questionnaire survey.The dichotomous choice Contingent Valuation Method(CVM)was employed to determine the willingness.The survey conducted in 2018 collected WTP,WTW,WTA,socio-demFographical information,social trust and resident perceptions toward tourism impacts and relevant management strategies from 244 residents in two counties.Based on generalized linear modeling,income and education level are important for residents’WTP and WTA,but other social characteristics,such as gender and age,do not have significant effects.The social trust is found to be a significant factor on residents’willingness,despite the limitation on education level.Also,government funding is associated with residents’inclination to WTP,WTW and WTA,but the support levels differ among the two counties due to geographical and social heterogeneities.The estimated WTP,WTW and WTA for the Sanjiangyuan National Park in 2018 were 1.2448×10^(7) yuan,1.247×10^(6) hours and 2.3232×10^(7) yuan yr^(-1) based on the survey and published demographics.This study,for the first time,estimates the WTP,WTW and WTA for the Sanjiangyuan National Park and informs ecological conservation managers and policy makers.Ultimately,to maintain the long-term benefits arising from sustainable development,compensation should be specifically tailored and site-dependent,and development measures based on local resources should be adopted by governments to actively support eco-tourism activities.