火山喷发活动对烃源岩的影响:以拉布达林盆地上库力组为例

本文以拉布达林盆地下白垩统上库力组火山岩系中发育的一套优质烃源岩为研究对象,应用岩石热解、氯仿沥青抽提、镜质体反射率分析、饱和烃气相色谱分析和色谱-质谱分析以及全岩成分分析等多种方法和手段,探讨火山喷发活动对烃源岩中有机质成熟度、烃源岩生烃特征及优质烃源岩形成的影响。研究结果表明:烃源岩的有机质镜质体反射率(R_0)在0.56%～0.62%之间,最大热解温度(T_(max))在429～442℃之间,部分样品的氯仿沥青"A"转化率(A/TOC)和烃转化率(HC/TOC)分别>5%和>3%。上述各种参数均指示有机质成熟度处于低成熟阶段,说明火山喷发活动对烃源岩有机质成熟度影响不明显。在火山喷发活动和烃源岩相互作用过程中,火山岩中过渡金属元素发生迁移,致使烃源岩中过渡金属元素含量增加。由于过渡金属元素对烃源岩生烃有催化作用,因此,火山喷发活动可以促进烃源岩早生烃,有利于低熟油的形成。火山喷发活动带来的热液一方面给湖盆水体中的水生生物带来了大量的营养物质,促进水生生物繁殖,为优质烃源岩的形成奠定了丰富的物质基础;另一方面,火山热液使水体含盐度增加,形成还原环境,为有机质的保存和转化提供了有利条件。

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长7_(1)亚段源储结构与石油赋存关系研究

为推进鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长7段致密油勘探,依托砂地比、岩石热解、生烃热模拟试验和测井、录井数据系统划分长7_(1)亚段源储结构,分析不同源储结构的烃源岩差异,探究其烃源岩对致密砂岩含油性的影响.结果表明,研究区主要发育源夹储型、源储互层型和储夹源型3类源储结构.由于生油母质的差异,页岩比泥岩具有更优的生排烃能力,源夹储型具有最好的自源供烃条件,其次为源储互层型与储夹源型.源储结构中砂体的含油性主要受控于烃源岩品质与储层物性的耦合关系,优质储层与中等品质源岩交互叠置的空间配置关系使得源储互层型的含油性较高且稳定,储夹源型中优质砂体与较差源岩的耦合导致了其含油性次之,而源夹储型中的差储层限制了其含油性.

乍得Bongor盆地构造反转的油气地质意义

分析总结了乍得Bongor盆地的构造反转特征,着重研究了其对源岩生烃与排烃、储层成岩、圈闭形成及保存、油气运移等成藏要素的影响,进而探讨了盆地油气成藏特征和资源潜力。结果表明,Bongor盆地的构造反转以地层大幅抬升剥蚀和残余地层强烈褶皱变形为主要响应特征,造成了烃源岩生烃、排烃过程停滞,浅部油藏的破坏。同时,盆地本身的热结构、热演化在一定程度上减弱了这种破坏作用,使得烃源岩在构造反转结束以后仍保留有较好的生烃潜力。地层抬升剥蚀使得储层压实-胶结等成岩作用减弱,溶蚀淋滤作用增强,深部储层得以保存;残余地层的褶皱变形形成了大量的反转构造,为油气最终运聚-成藏提供了储集空间。

高邮凹陷断裂对始新统油气成藏的控制作用

高邮凹陷是苏北盆地的重要含油气区,该区断裂发育,始新统油气的分布具有明显的分带特征,断裂活动速率的差异对始新统油气的输导和保存具有十分重要的控制作用。通过对源岩生烃历史的模拟与始新统油气充注历史的研究,确定始新统油气的主要成藏期;进而运用断裂活动速率的方法,综合分析在油气充注期,不同区带的断裂对始新统油气成藏的控制作用。研究表明,高邮凹陷深凹带内的油气藏主要分布在微弱活动断裂附近(活动速率<10m/Ma),强烈活动断裂面(活动速率>25m/Ma)主要起油气垂向上的输导作用,不利于油气的聚集和保存;而北斜坡带断裂活动十分微弱(活动速率<5m/Ma)不具备沿断层面直线式输导油气的能力,油气只能通过断裂-砂体的有效组合,实现螺旋式垂向运移,后在始新统圈闭内聚集成藏。

Organic petrology and hydrocarbon generation of potential source rocks in Permian formation of Junggar Basin,Northwest in China

From the outcrops in the Yaomoshan and Hongyanchi sections, oil shales, deep dark mudstones or black mudstones with better organic richness were found. Through the analysis of the samples in the organic petrology method, the microscope features of the sedimentary organic matter were studied. The results indicate that three types of kerogens present in the measured samples. Kerogen type I consists of the laminate algainite, abundant sporinite and only little content of cutinite, which can mainly generate oil. The generation hydrocarbon components of the type II kerogen are dominated by the sporinite, cutinite and little the exinite debris. The type III kerogen is comprised of the sporinite and debris of the exinite with some components of gas generation. Through the analysis of the experiments, the organic kerogen of the Lucaogou formation is mostly comprised of the type I, partially type II, and particularly type III. In Hongyanchi formation, the organic type is mixed by the types II and III. The plot of the （$1＋$2） or TOC value and the content of exinite show two trends. From the evolution of burial and the Permian source rocks in Changji Depression, the Permian formation source rock has ended the generation of hydrocarbon. A significant difference in constituents of the organic macerals among three kerogens in these samples leads to the distinction of the potential hydrocarbon generation. The Lucaogou formation for kerogen type I has better potential hydrocarbon generation. It can reach the oil peak with Ro ratio Of 0.9%. For the kerogen II, the oil peak of the source rocks comes late with the Ro ratio of 1.0% with less quantity of the generation hydrocarbon than the kerogen I. For type III, it can mainly generate gas and reach the gas peak with the Ro ratio of 1.3%. In a word, the Lucaogou formation and Hongyanchi formation source rocks with high organic richness in Permian source rocks have well exploration prospects.

Geobiological approach to evaluating marine carbonate source rocks of hydrocarbon

Evaluating the pre-Jurassic marine source rocks in China has been difficult because these rocks are generally too highor over-maturated for most traditional methods to work.As to the remaining parameter TOC (%),its lower limit for recognizing the carbonate source rocks in China has been in dispute.Nineteen Phanerozoic sections in the Middle-Upper Yangtze Platform and the Guizhou-Hunan-Guangxi Basin have been studied in search for a different approach to complementing the traditional evaluation method for these source rocks.We have applied a geobiological approach to tracing the organic carbon (OC) output and accumulation from the living stage (primary productivity) to the post-mortem deposited remains,and finally to the preserved burial organics.Four biological and geological parameters are employed to represent the OC of the three stages.A series of proxies of these parameters are discussed and integrated to establish a geobiological evaluation system independent of TOC and other traditional methods.Here we use the Guangyuan section in Sichuan as an example for the geobiological evaluation.Our results indicate that in the argillaceous rocks,the geobiological parameters show the qualified source rocks in accordance with high TOC values;but in the carbonates,the good source rocks delineated by the geobiological parameters have a wide range of TOC,from 0.03% to 1.59%,mostly<0.3%.We suggest that it is still premature to set TOC=0.3% or 0.5% as the lower limit for the pre-Jurassic carbonate source rocks in South China.

Depositional environment of terrestrial petroleum source rocks and geochemical indicators in the Songliao Basin

To determine geochemical indicators for depositional environment favored by terrestrial petroleum source rocks, we selected 40 source rock samples from the Late Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation （Kzqn） and the first member of Nenjiang Formation （K2n1） in the Songliao Basin to qualify saturate fraction and aromatic fraction using GC-HRT （gas chromatography high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry） and quantify important biomarkers using GC-MS. The results reveal that source rocks from the 1st member of Qingshankou Formation （K2qn1） are characterized by not only high contents of terpanes, regular steranes and 4-methylsteranes but also high contents of dinosteranes, C31 steranes and aryl isoprenoids. Presence of specific biomarkers like elementary sulfur and lanostanes indicates a depositional environment of lagoon characterized by water stratification and high salinity. In the 2nd-3rd members of Qingshankou Formation （K2qn2＋3）, source rocks contain lower contents of biomarkers, indicating a depositional environment of shallow fresh-water lake delta. Source rocks in the K2n1 contain high contents of terpanes, regular steranes and 4-methylsteranes but lower contents of dinosteranes, C31 steranes and aryl isoprenoids, indicating a depositional environment of fresh-brackish open lake characterized by low salinity and poor water stratification, where organic matter is seriously altered by bacteria. Overall analysis shows that primary geochemical indicators for terrestrial petroleum source rocks are as follows： 1） C30 hopanes 〉 1500 ppm; 2） gammacerane 〉190 ppm; 3） C27 steranes 〉200 ppm; 4） 4-methylsteranes 〉 100 ppm; 5） aryl isoprenoids 〉 3 ppm; 6） dehydroxyl-vitamin E 〉 10 ppm.

The geobiological formation process of the marine source rocks in the Middle Permian Chihsia Formation of South China

The Chihsia Formation is one of the four sets of regional marine hydrocarbon source rocks from South China.In the past two decades,detailed geochemical and sedimentological studies have been carried out to investigate its origination,which have demonstrated that the high primary productivity plays a primary role in the deposition of sediments enriched in the organic matter.However,the mechanism of this high productivity and the path of the deposition and burial of the organic matter have always been a mystery.Based on the previous studies on the Shangsi Section in Guangyuan City,Sichuan Province,we proposed that the development of the equatorial upwelling due to the sea level rise is responsible for the relatively high productivity in the Chihsia Formation.The sea waters with high nutrient were transported by the sub-surface currents along the equator.High organic carbon flux was deposited on the deeper shelf,and then decomposed by bacteria,leading to the occurrence of anaerobic respiration.The metabolism of the microorganisms consumed the dissolved oxygen in waters,which was in favor of the preservation of the organic matter.This suggested geobiological model integrating with paleoclimatology,paleoceanography and geomicrobiology will help us to understand the causes of this particular sedimentary sequence.

Geobiological processes of the formation of lacustrine source rock in Paleogene

Gypsum-salt rocks and coccolith calcareous shale are widely deposited in the lower part of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation in the Dongying Sag, Sbandong Province. The gypsum-salt rock is believed to be formed during the earlier deposition in salt lake, while the overlying coccolith shale in saline lake with relatively low salinity. By comparing the lake environment and la- custrine microbial communities between ancient and recent lakes, cyanobacteria are regarded as the main representative of productivity during the formation of gypsum-salt strata series, with the annual productivity of 1500-2000 gC m-2 yr1. Based on the research of ultramicrofossils in the calcareous shale, coccolith is considered as the main contributor to the productivity during the formation of calcareous shale. On the basis of statistic data of sedimentary rates, shale laminations, and coccolith fossils in each lamination, the quantitative value of productivity is calculated, with the annual productivity of 2250 3810 gC m 2 yr-1 （averagely 3120 gC m-2 yr-1）. Statistic data of large amount of pyrite framboids indicate that the lower water col- umn was persistently in sulfidic or anoxic conditions during the deposition of gypsum-salt strata series, but it changed to be dysoxic when the coccolith calcareous shale was deposited. Both of these water conditions are favorable for the preservation of organic matter. It is estimated that the organic carbon burial efficiency of the Lower Paleogene salt lakes and saline lakes of Dongying Depression is about 10%-15%, which is calculated and analyzed using the multi-parameter geobiological model.