The supercritical fluid crystallization technique is a novel technology for preparing ultrafine particles. This paper introduced the concept and features of the technique with an emphasis on three kinds of supercritic...The supercritical fluid crystallization technique is a novel technology for preparing ultrafine particles. This paper introduced the concept and features of the technique with an emphasis on three kinds of supercritical fluid crystallization techniques, i.e. rapid expansion of supercritical solutions, supercritical fluid anti-solvent and particles from gas saturated solutions Some questions and the prospect of this technique were also discussed.展开更多
Measurements of three chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11), dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12) and trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113), along with methyl chloroform (CH 3CCl 3) and carbon tetrachlo...Measurements of three chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11), dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12) and trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113), along with methyl chloroform (CH 3CCl 3) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4) were made in water samples from Lake Washington, using Electron Capture-Gas Chromatography (EC-GC). The samples were collected in mid-autumn, a period when the lake’s upper layer undergoes rapid cooling. At the time of sampling, a strong vertical temperature gradient was present in the lake, with surface temperatures of ～14℃, and near bottom (50 meters) temperatures of ～8℃. The concentrations of dissolved CFC-12 and CFC-11 increased with depth, as expected from the higher solubilities of these gases at lower temperatures. Atmospheric measurements made at the sampling site at the time of the cruise, showed that CFC-11 and CFC-12 saturations in the near surface samples were 100 % and 106%, respectively. For the deepest sample (52 meters) CFC-11 and CFC-12 saturations were 102 % and 126 %. Because the surface layer of the lake responds to changes in atmospheric CFCs on a time scale of several weeks, the higher than equilibrium concentrations of CFC-12 observed at the time of sampling may reflect earlier episodes of elevated levels of atmospheric CFC-12 in this urban area. High concentrations of dissolved CFCs in runoff or industrial effluent might also lead to elevated CFC levels in the lake. The cold, deep water of Lake Washington is relatively isolated from the effects of surface gas exchange except during winter, and the supersaturations observed in the deep layer may reflect periods of elevated atmospheric CFC-12 levels from the previous winter season. These results were compared to summertime profiles of CFC-11 and CFC-12 made in 1994.展开更多
文摘The supercritical fluid crystallization technique is a novel technology for preparing ultrafine particles. This paper introduced the concept and features of the technique with an emphasis on three kinds of supercritical fluid crystallization techniques, i.e. rapid expansion of supercritical solutions, supercritical fluid anti-solvent and particles from gas saturated solutions Some questions and the prospect of this technique were also discussed.
文摘Measurements of three chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11), dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12) and trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113), along with methyl chloroform (CH 3CCl 3) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4) were made in water samples from Lake Washington, using Electron Capture-Gas Chromatography (EC-GC). The samples were collected in mid-autumn, a period when the lake’s upper layer undergoes rapid cooling. At the time of sampling, a strong vertical temperature gradient was present in the lake, with surface temperatures of ～14℃, and near bottom (50 meters) temperatures of ～8℃. The concentrations of dissolved CFC-12 and CFC-11 increased with depth, as expected from the higher solubilities of these gases at lower temperatures. Atmospheric measurements made at the sampling site at the time of the cruise, showed that CFC-11 and CFC-12 saturations in the near surface samples were 100 % and 106%, respectively. For the deepest sample (52 meters) CFC-11 and CFC-12 saturations were 102 % and 126 %. Because the surface layer of the lake responds to changes in atmospheric CFCs on a time scale of several weeks, the higher than equilibrium concentrations of CFC-12 observed at the time of sampling may reflect earlier episodes of elevated levels of atmospheric CFC-12 in this urban area. High concentrations of dissolved CFCs in runoff or industrial effluent might also lead to elevated CFC levels in the lake. The cold, deep water of Lake Washington is relatively isolated from the effects of surface gas exchange except during winter, and the supersaturations observed in the deep layer may reflect periods of elevated atmospheric CFC-12 levels from the previous winter season. These results were compared to summertime profiles of CFC-11 and CFC-12 made in 1994.
