超临界流体增强溶液扩散技术制备纳米CL-20及表征

采用超临界流体增强溶液扩散技术(SEDS法),以乙酸乙酯为溶剂,在9.0MPa、40℃及溶液质量分数30%、溶液和反溶剂流速分别为5mL/min、8kg/h的工艺条件下,制备了纳米六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)。用偏光显微镜与扫描电镜(SEM)、激光粒度分析仪、动态颗粒图像分析仪对细化前后的形貌、粒度、粒度分布和球形度进行表征,用傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对纳米CL-20的晶型进行了表征,测试了其热安定性和撞击感度。结果表明,所得CL-20边缘光滑且趋于球形,粒度均匀(1～2μm),所属晶型为β-型,与原料CL-20相比,晶型转变温度推后了约30℃,而分解峰温提前了6.74℃,撞击感度明显降低。

超临界流体增强溶液扩散技术制备超细RDX

采用超临界流体增强溶液扩散技术（ SEDS法）对 RDX进行重结晶细化。探索实验确定 N，N-二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂，浓度为20％。通过正交试验 L9（34）和单因素试验研究分析了影响细化效果的诸多影响因素。结果表明：选择合适的溶剂是避免形成片状或针状晶体的关键。影响结晶效果的因素依次为压力、CO2流速、溶液流速和温度。在流体密度接近液体密度时，CO2流速与溶液流速之比直接影响粒状晶体所占比例及粒度的大小，但浓度最终决定晶体粒度大小。扩试工艺条件是浓度26．7％、温度35℃、压力9．0 MPa、溶液流速2 mL·min-1和CO2流速6 kg·h-1。在此条件下，得到的RDX晶体边缘光滑、形貌规则趋于球形，粒度在为3～5μm、粒度分布均匀、流散性良好，制备量可达32 g·h-1，且机械感度显著降低。

超临界流体增强溶液扩散法制备RDX/SiO_2复合粒子

利用溶胶一凝胶法及超临界流体增强溶液扩散法（SEDS），制备了RDX／SiO2复合粒子（RDX占90％），获得了最佳工艺条件。利用电子显微镜和场扫描电镜（SEM）对RDX／SiO2微粒进行了表征，并根据GJB772A-1997测试了其撞击感度。结果表明：得到的RDX／SiO2为形貌和粒径均匀的气凝胶球，气凝胶球由粒径约为50-100nm的微粒堆积而成；RDX／Si02微粒的特性落高（H50）为86．7cm，与原料RDX相比，特『生落高远远提高。

间隙水输运管流体运动分析

对沉积物间隙水在充满超纯水的采样管内的流动和扩散规律的研究是之后对样品进行分析研究的基础。建立了流体运动的数学模型,利用FLUENT软件中的组分输运模型对质量分数为1%的nacl溶液在水中的扩散进行了仿真。模拟了在一定入口流速下从采样管和间隙水交界处开始的溶液浓度分布规律,分别讨论了流速梯度及分子扩散对溶液浓度分布的影响,通过仿真分析验证了理论公式的正确性。

SEDS技术制备亚微米RDX的喷嘴结构设计

为了制备粒度分布窄的亚微米黑索今（RDX）球形颗粒，设计出一种适用于超临界流体增强溶液扩散（SEDS）技术的喷嘴。该喷嘴利用气流雾化原理，在结构上采用环缝、微孔湍流区等技术，使CO2流体在喷嘴内高速流动，解决了常规内部混合喷嘴易堵、制备粒度大等问题。经实验验证，在相同工艺条件（温度35℃、压力10MPa、CO2流量15kg·h-1、RDX溶液流量2mL·min-1）下，采用法国SFP2超临界萃取仪原装内混式喷嘴制备出分布区间3—15μm的微米级RDX球形颗粒，制备过程易堵；采用新结构喷嘴（中心孔内径及其壁厚值均为0．1mm、环缝宽度为0．1mm、湍流区长径比为10：1、压力差为1MPa）制备出的RDX粒度分布区0．1～2μm、平均粒度660nm、粒度形貌好、无团聚的亚微米RDX球形颗粒，制备过程顺畅，解决了易堵问题。

低渗透性铀矿床浸出过程对地下水环境影响的探讨

以钱家店地浸铀矿山钱Ⅳ试验采区为例,通过对采区外围地下水跟踪监测以及计算机数值模拟方法,对低渗透性地浸采区溶液扩散特征及其对周围地下水的影响进行了研究。现场监测以及数值模拟结果表明:在低渗透条件下,地浸溶液向采区外围的扩散范围小,扩散速度慢;在抽注平衡以及抽注比为1.003 6∶1的地浸水动力条件下,采区运行近3年,实际观测的溶液扩散范围不超过61m;保守的理论计算扩散范围不超过75m,平均扩散速度仅为0.084 3m/d。地浸采区以抽注比为1.003∶1持续运行满6年退役,溶浸液扩散范围可以被有效控制在120~130m范围之内,不会对采区外围地下水环境造成不可接受的影响。天然流场下游以及局部抽注比较小的区域是地浸溶液向外扩散的主要区域,但在地浸过程中加强对采区各局部子单元的抽注平衡调控,可以在较小的抽注比(不超过1.003∶1)的条件下,有效地控制溶液向外围扩散。

Equilibrium Swelling and Solute Diffusion Characteristics of Poly (Methacrylic Acid co-Poloxamer) Hydrogels

Poly(methacrylic acid co-poloxamer) hydrogel networks were synthesized by free radical solution polymerization and their equilibrium swelling and solute permeation properties were characterized. These gels exhibited pH dependant swelling and solute diffusivity due to the formation or disruption of hydrogen bonded complexation between methacrylic acid (MAA) and etheric (EO). In neutral and basic conditions (above the swelling transition pH), the copolymer swelling was greatly higher than acid condition. In complexed hydrogels, the diffusion coefficients of vitamin B12 (VB12) were in the range of 10-10 to 10-7 cm2s-1; While in uncomplexed hydrogels, the values were about 210-6 cm2s-1. The comonomer composition and synthesis conditions have great effect on the structure, and thereby, swelling and solute diffusion characteristics of the resultant hydrogels. For the copolymers with composition of less than or more than 1:1 MAA/EO molar ratio, the plot of lnD vs 1/H-1 followed two different linear equations of 慺ree volume theory? respectively.

Diffusion Coefficients of l-Lysine Hydrochloride and l-Arginine Hydrochloride in Their Aqueous Solutions at 25℃

The diffusion coefficients of l-lysine hydrochloride and I-arginine hydrochloride in their aqueous solutions at 25℃ were determined by the metallic diaphragm cell method which is characterized by accuracy, promptness and convenience. Meanwhile, the densities and viscosities of the solutions were also determined. Based on all these data a semi-empirical model for correlating the diffusion coefficients of solid organic salts in their aqueous solutions at 25℃ was proposed. The fitting result of this model is comparatively satisfactory. Compared to a former model, Gordon Model, this model can avoid a number of difficulties and arduous work.

A Reynolds mass flux model for gas separation process simulation:Ⅰ. Modeling and validation

Separation process undertaken in packed columns often displays anisotropic turbulent mass diffusion. The anisotropic turbulent mass diffusion can be characterized rigorously by using the Reynolds mass flux(RMF) model.With the RMF model, the concentration and temperature as well as the velocity distributions can be simulated numerically. The modeled Reynolds mass flux equation is adopted to close the turbulent mass transfer equation,while the modeled Reynolds heat flux and Reynolds stress equations are used to close the turbulent heat and momentum transfer equations, so that the Boussinesq postulate and the isotropic assumption are abandoned. To validate the presented RMF model, simulation is carried out for CO2 absorption into aqueous Na OH solutions in a packed column(0.1 m id, packed with 12.7 mm Berl saddles up to a height of 6.55 m). The simulated results are compared with the experimental data and satisfactory agreement is found both in concentration and temperature distributions. The sequel Part II extends the model application to the simulation of an unsteady state adsorption process in a packed column.

Measurement of Liquid Diffusion Coefficients of Aqueous Solutions of Glycine, L-Alanine, L-Valine and L-Isoleucine by Holographic Interferometry

The diffusion coefficients of aqueous solutions ofglycine, L-alanine, L-valine and L-isoleucine at 298.15 K were determined by holographic interferometry with accuracy and promptness while without disturbance. The density and viscosity of these solutions were also determined. According to original Gordon model, a model for correlating the diffusion coefficients of amino acids in aqueous solutions was developed and applied. The results showed that this model provided significant convenience in correlation of diffusion coefficients for amino acids system.

Apparent Dissolution Kinetics of Diatomite in Alkaline Solution

The dissolution kinetics of diatomite in alkaline solution is the theoretical basis for the process optimization of alkali-diatomite reaction and its applications.In this study,the dissolution kinetics of diatomite in NaOH solution is investigated.The results indicate that the dissolution reaction fits well the unreacted shrinking core model for solid-liquid heterogeneous reactions.The apparent reaction order for NaOH is 2 and the apparent activation energy for the reaction(Ea) is 28.06 kJ·mol-1.The intra-particle diffusion through the sodium silicate layer is the rate-controlling step.When the dissolution reaction occurs at the interface of unreacted diatomite solid core,the diffusion in the trans-layer(the liquid film around the wetted particle) reduces the rate of whole dissolution process.

Application of silver nitrate colorimetric method to non-steady-state diffusion test

NT build 443, or profile fitting method, is often used to measure the diffusion coefficient of chloride in concrete. However, this method is quite laborious and needs special equipment. Colorimetric method is a quick and simple method to measure the penetration depth of chloride by spraying 0.1 mol/L silver nitrate solution. The objective of this work is to study the possibility of the use of colorimetric method in the calculation of non-steady-state diffusion coefficient. Twelve concrete mixtures with different supplementary cementitious materials and water-to-cement ratios of 0.35, 0.48 and 0.6 were used for study. According to NT build 443, the concrete specimens were immersed in 165 g/L NaC1 （2.8 mol/L） solution for 42 d. Both water-soluble （convert to free chloride） chloride and acid-soluble chloride at different layers of specimens were measured. The results show that the mean value of free chloride concentration at the color change boundary Cd was 0.306 mol/L. The surface free chloride concentration cs was obtained by profile fitting method, which was 40% lower than the chloride concentration of exposure solution after an immersion period of 42 d. Chloride diffusion coefficients obtained by the colorimetric method was not well correlated with those obtained by profile fitting method.

Experimental Study of Double Diffusion in Binary Solution

Application of temperature gradient to a binary solution can work as a separation process like freezing desalination. Initial salinity is an important parameter on the final composition of the water obtained. In this paper, the authors study experimentally the effect of the concentration in aqueous solution on the double diffusion with phase change. NaCI-H20 solution at different salinity is frozen in a rectangular cavity to obtain ice becoming fresh water. Temperature, concentration and rate growth of the interface ice/brine are presented. Three concentrations are tested： 0.02%, 1% and 3.5%.

Hydrodynamic dispersion of reactive solute in a Hagen–Poiseuille flow of a layered liquid

An analysis of the solute dispersion in the liquid flowing through a pipe by means of Aris–Barton's ‘method of moments', under the joint effect of some finite yield stress and irreversible absorption into the wall is presented in this paper. The liquid is considered as a three-layer liquid where the center region is Casson liquid surrounded by Newtonian liquid layer. A significant change from previous modelling exercises in the study of hydrodynamic dispersion, different molecular diffusivity has been considered for the different region yet to be constant. For all time period, finite difference implicit scheme has been adopted to solve the integral moment equation arising from the unsteady convective diffusion equation. The purpose of the study is to find the dependency of solute transport coefficients on absorption parameter, yield stress, viscosity ratio, peripheral layer variation and in addition with various diffusivity coefficients in different liquid layers. This kind of study may be useful for understanding the dispersion process in the blood flow analysis.

Test and prediction of chloride diffusion in recycled aggregate concrete

Recycled aggregate concrete （RAC） specimens with different recycled zoarse aggregate replacement ratios by mass （R） are fully immersed in a 10% chloride solution for 235 days. Both free chloride concentration （CI） and total chloride concentration （Ct） are then measured employing a rapid chloride test （RCT） system. The Fick＇s second diffusion law is verified by the test data and used to predict chloride concentration distribution at different immersion periods. Addilionally, pore structures of the new and old mortar in RAC are tested by mercury intrusion porosimetrV （MIP）. It is found that bind- ing chloride concentration （Cb） linearly increases with Cf. In natural aggregate concrete （NAC）, Cf is obviously smaller than that in the RAC in the same testing environment and this is different from the test results of Ct and Cb. Furthermore, the effects of R on the chloride concentration of RAC become severe for specimens subjected to long immersion periods, which can be explained in terms of the pore structures of the new mortar and old adhesive mortar in RAC.