Objective： To investigate the dynamics of vascular volume and the plasma dilution of lactated Ringer＇s solution in patients during the induction of general and epidural anesthesia. Methods： The hemodilution of i.v....Objective： To investigate the dynamics of vascular volume and the plasma dilution of lactated Ringer＇s solution in patients during the induction of general and epidural anesthesia. Methods： The hemodilution of i.v. infusion of 1000 ml of lactated Ringer＇s solution over 60 min was studied in patients undergoing general （n=31） and epidural （n= 22） anesthesia. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure and hemoglobin （Hb） concentration were measured every 5 rain during the study. Surgery was not started until the study period had been completed. Results： General anesthesia caused the greater decrease of mean arterial blood pressure （MAP） （mean 15% versus 9%; P〈0.01） and thereby followed by a more pronounced plasma dilution, blood volume expansion （VE） and blood volume expansion efficiency （VEE）. A strong linear correlation between hemodilution and the reduction in MAP （r=-0.50;P〈0.01） was found. At the end of infusion, patients undergoing general anesthesia retained 47% （SD 19%） of the infused fluid in the circulation, while epidural anesthesia retained 29% （SD 13%） （P〈0.001）. Correspondingly, a fewer urine output （mean 89 ml versus 156 ml; P〈0.05） and extravascular expansion （454 ml versus 551 ml; P〈0.05） were found during general anesthesia. Conclusion： We concluded that the induction of general anesthesia caused more hemodilution, volume expansion and volume expansion efficiency than epidural anesthesia, which was triggered only by the lower MAP.展开更多
The development of heterogeneous acid catalysts with higher activity than homogeneous acid catalysts is critical and still challenging.In this study,acidic poly(ionic liquid)s with swelling ability(SAPILs)were designe...The development of heterogeneous acid catalysts with higher activity than homogeneous acid catalysts is critical and still challenging.In this study,acidic poly(ionic liquid)s with swelling ability(SAPILs)were designed and synthesized via the free radical copolymerization of ionic liquid monomers,sodium p-styrenesulfonate,and crosslinkers,followed by acidification.The 31P nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts of adsorbed trimethylphosphine oxide indicated that the synthesized SAPILs presented moderate and single acid strength.The thermogravimetric analysis results in the temperature range of 300–345°C revealed that the synthesized SAPILs were more stable than the commercial resin Amberlite IR-120(H)(245°C).Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy testing demonstrated that SAPILs presented unique three-dimensional(3D)honeycomb structure in water,which was ascribed to the swelling-induced self-assembly of the molecules.Moreover,we used SAPILs with micron-sized honeycomb structure in water as catalysts for the hydrolysis of cyclohexyl acetate to cyclohexanol,and determined that their catalytic activity was much higher than that of homogeneous acid catalysts.The equilibrium concentrations of all reaction components inside and outside the synthesized SAPILs were quantitatively analyzed using a series of simulated reaction mixtures.Depending on the reaction mixture,the concentration of cyclohexyl acetate inside SAPIL-1 was 7.5–23.3 times higher than that outside of it,which suggested the high enrichment ability of SAPILs for cyclohexyl acetate.The excellent catalytic performance of SAPILs was attributed to their 3D honeycomb structure in water and high enrichment ability for cyclohexyl acetate,which opened up new avenues for designing highly efficient heterogeneous acid catalysts that could eventually replace conventional homogeneous acid catalysts.展开更多
Based on the solubility in supercritical CO2,two strategies in which CO2 plays different roles are used to make quercetine and astaxanthin particles by supercritical fluid technologies.The experimental results showed ...Based on the solubility in supercritical CO2,two strategies in which CO2 plays different roles are used to make quercetine and astaxanthin particles by supercritical fluid technologies.The experimental results showed that micronized quercetine particles with mean particle size of 1.0-1.5 μm can be made via solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids(SEDS) process,in which CO2 worked as turbulent anti-solvent;while for astaxanthin,micronized particles with mean particle size of 0.3-0.8 μm were also made successfully by rapid expansion supercritical solution(RESS) process.展开更多
Three kinds of lower rank bituminous coals from Yanzhou mine and Tengxian mine from Shandong Province were treated and hydrogenated in the study. The test re- sults show that the performance of hydrogenation liquefact...Three kinds of lower rank bituminous coals from Yanzhou mine and Tengxian mine from Shandong Province were treated and hydrogenated in the study. The test re- sults show that the performance of hydrogenation liquefaction of the pretreated coals is improved markedly. Under the test condition of H2 initial pressure 8.2 MPa, addition of FeSO4·7H2O and S as catalyst, final reacting temperature 400 ℃ and reacting time 1.5 h, the oil yield of pretreated YZ1 coal is 69.76% compared with 62.53% of oil yield of un- treated YZ1. Seminally the oil yield of pretreated YZ2 coal is 55.43% compared with 20.88% of untreated YZ2 coal. The results of tests also prove that the improving degree of hydrogenation liquefaction of the pretreated coals is related with radiation duration when the radiation frequency and radiation power of ultrasonic wave are fixed.展开更多
The supercritical antisolvent （SAS） process has been developed in recent years for the tormation of nanoand micro-particles. It is necessary to study the liquid phase volume expansion （LPVE） and find the relations...The supercritical antisolvent （SAS） process has been developed in recent years for the tormation of nanoand micro-particles. It is necessary to study the liquid phase volume expansion （LPVE） and find the relationships between the operating conditions and the LPVE in order to develop a practical method for determining the operation conditions and selecting an organic solvent for SAS process. The PR equation of state with vdW-1 mixing rule is used to calculate the LPVE for CO2/toluene, CO2/acetone and CO2/ethyl acetate systems, and the results show that the LPVE for each CO2/organic solvent system decreases as the temperature increases. The relationship between the LPVE and the solubility of CO2 in the liquid phase for CO2/organic solvent systems is investigated, and the results show that the LPVE is determined directly by the solubility of CO2 in the liquid phase, xCO2, and can be related to xCO2 independently. No matter what system of CO2/organic solvent is and how different the temperature is, the LPVEs have little difference as long as the solubility of CO2 in the liquid phase, xCO2, keeps constant. The lower temperature is always favorable to the SAS process. The higher the solubility of CO2 in an organic solvent under certain operation condition, the more suitable it is to the SAS process.展开更多
The dynamic transformations of conformations and aromatic properties of [32]octaphyrins（1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0） through rotating the pyrrolic ring of the macrocycles are demonstrated by theoretical simulations in CH2Cl2 so...The dynamic transformations of conformations and aromatic properties of [32]octaphyrins（1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0） through rotating the pyrrolic ring of the macrocycles are demonstrated by theoretical simulations in CH2Cl2 solution. Facile multistep isomeriza- tions involving antiaromatic-Htickel and aromatic-Mobius topologies were also predicted by density functional theory （DFT）. The understanding of changes in topologies and aromaticities of free-base expanded porphrins may provide useful information to build new macrocycles with unique properties.展开更多
基金Project (No. 20051899) supported by Office of Education of Zheji-ang Province, China
文摘Objective： To investigate the dynamics of vascular volume and the plasma dilution of lactated Ringer＇s solution in patients during the induction of general and epidural anesthesia. Methods： The hemodilution of i.v. infusion of 1000 ml of lactated Ringer＇s solution over 60 min was studied in patients undergoing general （n=31） and epidural （n= 22） anesthesia. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure and hemoglobin （Hb） concentration were measured every 5 rain during the study. Surgery was not started until the study period had been completed. Results： General anesthesia caused the greater decrease of mean arterial blood pressure （MAP） （mean 15% versus 9%; P〈0.01） and thereby followed by a more pronounced plasma dilution, blood volume expansion （VE） and blood volume expansion efficiency （VEE）. A strong linear correlation between hemodilution and the reduction in MAP （r=-0.50;P〈0.01） was found. At the end of infusion, patients undergoing general anesthesia retained 47% （SD 19%） of the infused fluid in the circulation, while epidural anesthesia retained 29% （SD 13%） （P〈0.001）. Correspondingly, a fewer urine output （mean 89 ml versus 156 ml; P〈0.05） and extravascular expansion （454 ml versus 551 ml; P〈0.05） were found during general anesthesia. Conclusion： We concluded that the induction of general anesthesia caused more hemodilution, volume expansion and volume expansion efficiency than epidural anesthesia, which was triggered only by the lower MAP.
文摘The development of heterogeneous acid catalysts with higher activity than homogeneous acid catalysts is critical and still challenging.In this study,acidic poly(ionic liquid)s with swelling ability(SAPILs)were designed and synthesized via the free radical copolymerization of ionic liquid monomers,sodium p-styrenesulfonate,and crosslinkers,followed by acidification.The 31P nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts of adsorbed trimethylphosphine oxide indicated that the synthesized SAPILs presented moderate and single acid strength.The thermogravimetric analysis results in the temperature range of 300–345°C revealed that the synthesized SAPILs were more stable than the commercial resin Amberlite IR-120(H)(245°C).Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy testing demonstrated that SAPILs presented unique three-dimensional(3D)honeycomb structure in water,which was ascribed to the swelling-induced self-assembly of the molecules.Moreover,we used SAPILs with micron-sized honeycomb structure in water as catalysts for the hydrolysis of cyclohexyl acetate to cyclohexanol,and determined that their catalytic activity was much higher than that of homogeneous acid catalysts.The equilibrium concentrations of all reaction components inside and outside the synthesized SAPILs were quantitatively analyzed using a series of simulated reaction mixtures.Depending on the reaction mixture,the concentration of cyclohexyl acetate inside SAPIL-1 was 7.5–23.3 times higher than that outside of it,which suggested the high enrichment ability of SAPILs for cyclohexyl acetate.The excellent catalytic performance of SAPILs was attributed to their 3D honeycomb structure in water and high enrichment ability for cyclohexyl acetate,which opened up new avenues for designing highly efficient heterogeneous acid catalysts that could eventually replace conventional homogeneous acid catalysts.
基金Supported partially by the China Ministry of Science and Technology for the China’s Agenda 21 Strategic Research (MOST,2008IM021900)the General Administration of Quality Supervision Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China for the 4th Food Safety Research (AQSIQ 2008:ASPAQ0809)
文摘Based on the solubility in supercritical CO2,two strategies in which CO2 plays different roles are used to make quercetine and astaxanthin particles by supercritical fluid technologies.The experimental results showed that micronized quercetine particles with mean particle size of 1.0-1.5 μm can be made via solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids(SEDS) process,in which CO2 worked as turbulent anti-solvent;while for astaxanthin,micronized particles with mean particle size of 0.3-0.8 μm were also made successfully by rapid expansion supercritical solution(RESS) process.
文摘Three kinds of lower rank bituminous coals from Yanzhou mine and Tengxian mine from Shandong Province were treated and hydrogenated in the study. The test re- sults show that the performance of hydrogenation liquefaction of the pretreated coals is improved markedly. Under the test condition of H2 initial pressure 8.2 MPa, addition of FeSO4·7H2O and S as catalyst, final reacting temperature 400 ℃ and reacting time 1.5 h, the oil yield of pretreated YZ1 coal is 69.76% compared with 62.53% of oil yield of un- treated YZ1. Seminally the oil yield of pretreated YZ2 coal is 55.43% compared with 20.88% of untreated YZ2 coal. The results of tests also prove that the improving degree of hydrogenation liquefaction of the pretreated coals is related with radiation duration when the radiation frequency and radiation power of ultrasonic wave are fixed.
基金Supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 20176003)
文摘The supercritical antisolvent （SAS） process has been developed in recent years for the tormation of nanoand micro-particles. It is necessary to study the liquid phase volume expansion （LPVE） and find the relationships between the operating conditions and the LPVE in order to develop a practical method for determining the operation conditions and selecting an organic solvent for SAS process. The PR equation of state with vdW-1 mixing rule is used to calculate the LPVE for CO2/toluene, CO2/acetone and CO2/ethyl acetate systems, and the results show that the LPVE for each CO2/organic solvent system decreases as the temperature increases. The relationship between the LPVE and the solubility of CO2 in the liquid phase for CO2/organic solvent systems is investigated, and the results show that the LPVE is determined directly by the solubility of CO2 in the liquid phase, xCO2, and can be related to xCO2 independently. No matter what system of CO2/organic solvent is and how different the temperature is, the LPVEs have little difference as long as the solubility of CO2 in the liquid phase, xCO2, keeps constant. The lower temperature is always favorable to the SAS process. The higher the solubility of CO2 in an organic solvent under certain operation condition, the more suitable it is to the SAS process.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2011CB808600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21273102)
文摘The dynamic transformations of conformations and aromatic properties of [32]octaphyrins（1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0） through rotating the pyrrolic ring of the macrocycles are demonstrated by theoretical simulations in CH2Cl2 solution. Facile multistep isomeriza- tions involving antiaromatic-Htickel and aromatic-Mobius topologies were also predicted by density functional theory （DFT）. The understanding of changes in topologies and aromaticities of free-base expanded porphrins may provide useful information to build new macrocycles with unique properties.
