大承气汤稳定溶酶体膜的实验研究

用内毒素所致家兔全身性ｓｈｗａｒｔｚｍａｎ反应作为ＤＩＣ模型，以酸性磷酸酶（ＡＣＰ）和β葡萄糖醛酸苷酶（βＧ）为指标，观察了大承气汤对溶酶体膜的影响。结果显示：ＤＩＣ模型组兔肝ＡＣＰ和血清βＧ活性明显升高，而大承气汤治疗组则与正常对照组相似。说明大承气汤能够稳定溶酶体膜，减少溶酶外逸，保护细胞器。

氧化型低密度脂蛋白中不同氧化产物对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞溶酶体胆固醇蓄积的影响

为研究氧化型低密度脂蛋白中不同氧化产物对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞溶酶体胆固醇蓄积的影响。分别用1 0 0mg L的铜氧化的低密度脂蛋白和次氯酸钠氧化的低密度脂蛋白处理小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞 2 4h ,分别测定巨噬细胞溶酶体中胆固醇和总蛋白的含量以及溶酶体中组织蛋白酶L的活性。结果发现 ,铜氧化型低密度脂蛋白和次氯酸钠氧化型低密度脂蛋白均可引起总胆固醇和总蛋白在溶酶体蓄积 (实验组总胆固醇分别为 1 6 .90± 0 .1 5 μg和1 5 .1 1± 0 .5 4 μg ,对照组为 3.2 8± 0 .0 8μg ,P <0 .0 1 ;实验组总蛋白分别为 1 7.93± 1 .6 6 μg和 2 1 .0 0± 1 .6 8μg ,对照组为 1 3.39± 2 .6 4 μg ,P <0 .0 1 )。但蓄积的胆固醇类型有所不同 ,前者以游离胆固醇为主 (游离胆固醇为 1 4 .1 3± 0 .1 4μg ,胆固醇酯为 4 .77± 0 .33μg) ;后者则以胆固醇酯为主 (游离胆固醇为 5 .0 1± 0 .30 μg ,胆固醇酯为 1 0 .1 0± 0 .4 8μg)。铜氧化低密度脂蛋白可造成溶酶体组织蛋白酶L活性明显下降 (1 1 .1± 2 .3kau g比 73.2± 1 5 .0kau g ,P <0 .0 1 ) ,而次氯酸钠氧化低密度脂蛋白的作用不明显 (73.6± 9.5比 73.2± 1 5 .0 ,P >0 .0 5 )。以上结果提示 ,不同氧化产物引起溶酶体胆固醇蓄积的种类不同 ,而蛋白降解受阻可?

变压器油中溶解气体的成分和含量与充油电力设备绝缘故障诊断的关系

介绍了通过分析变压器油中溶解气体的成分和含量以判断充油电力设备故障的机理和方法。

Insulation fault diagnosis based on group grey relational grade analysis method for power transformers

Utilising dissolved gases analysis, a new insulation fault diagnosis methodfor power transformers is proposed. This method is based on the group grey relational grade analysismethod. First, according to the fault type and grey reference sequence structure, some typicalfault samples are divided into several sets of grey reference sequences. These sets are structuredas one grey reference sequence group. Secondly, according to a new calculation method of the greyrelational coefficient, the individual relational coefficient and grade are computed. Then accordingto the given calculation method for the group grey relation grade, the group grey relational gradeis computed and the group grey relational grade matrix is structured. Finally, according to therelational sequence, the insulation fault is identified for power transformers. The results of alarge quantity of instant analyses show that the proposed method has higher diagnosis accuracy andreliability than the three-ratio method and the traditional grey relational method. It has goodclassified diagnosis ability and reliability.

Measurements of zinc oxide solubility in sodium hydroxide solution from 25 to 100 °C

The solubility of zinc oxide in sodium hydroxide solution was measured in a closed polytetrafluoroethylene vessel from 25 to 100 ℃. The ZnO solubility was determined by employing the method of isothermal solution saturation. The results show that only ZnO solid exists in the equilibrium state in the low concentration alkali regions, and the solubility of zinc oxide is almost invariable with temperature. With the increase of alkali concentration, equilibrium solid turns from ZnO to NaZn（OH）3 suddenly, this mutation is called invariant point. The alkali concentration of the invariant points increases with increasing temperature, but the solubility of NaZn（OH）3 decreases with increasing alkali concentration at the same temperature. At the same Na2O concentration, the higher the temperature is, the higher the solubility of NaZn（OH）3 is.

Calculation of hydrogen solubility in molten alloys

A thermodynamic model was developed to calculate the hydrogen solubility in molten alloys based on the hydrogen solubility in constitutional pure liquid metals and their interaction parameters. The calculated results have a good agreement with the documented experimental results. The closer the molten alloy to an ideal liquid is, the more accurate the calculated results are. The compound forming ability and molar mixing heat of the constitutional elements take important roles in influencing the hydrogen solubility in molten alloys.

Dissolution kinetics and mechanism of gibbsitic bauxite and pure gibbsite in sodium hydroxide solution under atmospheric pressure

The crystal structure, morphology, dissolution kinetics and mechanism of gibbsitic bauxite and pure gibbsite in Na OH solution under atmospheric pressure were systematically investigated by XRD and SEM. The results show that the size of single crystal of gibbsite in gibbsitic bauxite is smaller than that in pure gibbsite, but the interplanar distance is larger than that of pure gibbsite, which result in more defects in the crystal and less energy needed to dissolve in alkaline solution for the gibbsitic bauxite. The dissolution kinetic equations of gibbsitic bauxite and pure gibbsite were established, and the corresponding activation energies were calculated to be 99.144 and 115.149 k J/mol, respectively.

Preparation,physicochemical characterization and cyctotoxicity of solid dispersion of paclitaxel and polyvinylpyrrolidone

The objective of this study was to prepare and characterize paclitaxel-polyvinylpyrrolidone （PTX-PVP） solid dispersions with the intention of improving its solubility and dissolution properties. The PTX-PVP solid dispersion systems were prepared by solvent method. The release rate ofpaclitaxel was determined from dissolution studies and the physicochemical properties of solid dispersion were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）, powder X-ray diffraction （PXRD） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The cytotoxicities ofpaclitaxel in solid dispersion to the SKOV-3 cells were assayed by a SRB staining method. The results showed that the solubility and dissolution rate of paclitaxel were significantly improved in solid dispersion system compared with that of the pure drug and physical mixture. The results of DSC and PXRD showed that the paclitaxel in solid dispersion was amorphous form. No paclitaxel crystals in the solid dispersions was found during SEM analysis. Cytotoxicity study suggested that the inhibitory rates of PTX-PVP solid dispersion to SKOV-3 cells were higher than that of pure paclitaxel. The solubility and dissolution of paclitaxel were improved by solid dispersion technique. In vitro cytotoxicity of paclitaxel in solid dispersion was higher than that of pure drug.

Purification of Inositol. Studies on the Phase Equilibrium of the System C 6H 12 O 6 NH 4Cl C 2H 5OH H 2O(C 2H 5 OH/H 2O =0.90, by wt ) at 35℃

The solubilities and the refractive indices of the saturated solution in the system C 6H 12 O 6 NH 4Cl C 2H 5OH-H 2O ( C 2H 5OH / H 2O=0.90, by wt ) at 35℃ have been determined. The isotherms and refractive indices of the system at 35℃ consist of 2 branches, corresponding to C 6H 12 O 6( H 2O and NH 4Cl. The composition of eutectic solution is C 6H 12 O 6: 4.40 %, NH 4Cl: 13.86 %, C 2H 5OH: 38.88 %.

Experimental and field study on dissipation coefficient of supersaturated total dissolved gas

The elevated supersaturation of total dissolved gas （TDG） downstream of a high-dam spill has deleterious effects on fish in a large range. A one-dimensional （l-D） longitudinal model is optimal for the prediction of supersaturated TDG dissipation over a long distance. The key issue of the model is to determine the dissipation coefficient accurately. In agreement with field observations and experiment data, dimensional analysis and regression were performed to propose a formula for estimating the dissipation coefficient of supersaturated TDG in various rivers and reservoirs, and it involves the effects of the turbulence intensity, the hydro-pressure and the solid-liquid interface. The friction velocity, water depth, hydraulic radius and Froude number are independent variables in the formula which are easy to determine in practical applications. The 1-D longitudinal model is implemented to calculate the dissipation of TDG in a reach of the Jinsha River. Good agreement is found between the calculated results and field data for both the dissipation coefficient and the dissipation process.

Carbon dioxide partial pressure and carbon fluxes of air-water interface in Taihu Lake, China

To obtain carbon dioxide （CO2） flux between water-air interface of Taihu lake, monthly water samplers at 14 sites and the local meteorological data of the lake were collected and analyzed in 1998. Carbon dioxide partial pressures （pCO2） at air-water interface in the lake were calculated using alkalinity, pH, ionic strength, active coefficient, and water temperature. The carbon fluxes at different sublakes and areas were estimated by concentration gradient between water and air in consideration of Schmidt numbers of 600 and daily mean windspeed at 10 m above water surface. The results indicated that the mean values of pCO2 in Wuli Lake,Meiliang Bay, hydrophyte area, west littoral zone, riverine mouths, and the open lake areas were 1 807.8±1 071.4（mean±standard deviation）μatm （latm=1.013 25×10^5pa）, 416.3±217.0μatm, 576.5±758.8μatm, 304.2±9.43.5μatm, 1 933.6±1 144.7 μatm, and 448.5±202.6μatm, respectively. Maximum and minimum pCO2 values were found in the hypertrophic （4 053.7μatm） and the eutrophic （3.2 μatm） areas. The riverine mouth areas have the maximum fluxes （82.0±62.8 mmol/m^2a）. But there was no significant difference between eutrophic and mesotrophic areas in pCO2 and the flux of CO2. The hydrophyte area, however, has the minimum （--0.58±12.9mmol/m^2a）. In respect to CO2 equilibrium, input of the rivers will obviously influence inorganic carbon distribution in the riverine estuary. For example, the annual mean CO2 flux in Zhihugang River estuary was 19 times of that in Meiliang Bay, although the former is only a part of the latter. The sites in the body of the lake show a clear seasonal cycle with pCO2 higher than atmospheric equilibrium in winter, and much lower than atmospheric in summer due to CO2 consumption by photosynthesis. The CO2 amount of the net annual evasion that enters the atmosphere is 28.42×10^4 t/a, of which those from the west littoral zone and the open lake account for 53.8% and 36.7%, respectively.

Application of Box-Behnken Design in Optimization of Allelopathic Effects of Potamogeton Pectinatus Against Microcystis Aeruginosa

Allelopathic effects of submerged macrophytes against algae are affected by many environmental factors which can only be measured one by one by traditional methods. Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology was used to optimize three environmental factors （temperature, light intensity and total dissolved solids） of allelopathic effects of Potarnogeton pectinatus against Microcystis aeruginosa at the same time. By solving the regression equation and analyzing the response surface contour plots, the optimal conditions of the relatively inhibitory rate of Microcystis aeruginosa were that the temperature was 23℃, the light intensity was 2 700 lx and the total dissolved solids were 4 415 mg/L. Under these conditions, the optimal value of relatively inhibitory rate of Microcystis aeruginosa was 81.9%. According to validation experiments, the results of analysis indicated that the experimental values fitted well with the predicted ones.

Artificial neural network modeling of gold dissolution in cyanide media

The effects of cyanidation conditions on gold dissolution were studied by artificial neural network （ANN） modeling. Eighty-five datasets were used to estimate the gold dissolution. Six input parameters, time, solid percentage, P50 of particle, NaCN content in cyanide media, temperature of solution and pH value were used. For selecting the best model, the outputs of models were compared with measured data. A fourth-layer ANN is found to be optimum with architecture of twenty, fifteen, ten and five neurons in the first, second, third and fourth hidden layers, respectively, and one neuron in output layer. The results of artificial neural network show that the square correlation coefficients （R2） of training, testing and validating data achieve 0.999 1, 0.996 4 and 0.9981, respectively. Sensitivity analysis shows that the highest and lowest effects on the gold dissolution rise from time and pH, respectively It is verified that the predicted values of ANN coincide well with the experimental results.

The Study of Dissolution Kinetics of K_2SO_4 Crystal in Aqueous Ethanol Solutions with a Statistical Rate Theory

Dissolution kinetics of K2SO4 crystal in aqueous ethanol solutions was studied on-line with ion selective electrode. The concentration of K2SO4 was calculated from the determined electromotive force in which the activity coefficient of components in the liquid phase was calculated with the Pitzer equation. Dissolution kinetic parameters in the modified statistical rate theory were regressed. The correlation results show that dissolution rate of K2SO4 is slower in aqueous ethanol solutions than that in aqueous solutions. The two most important reasons are as follows: (1) The solubility of K2SO4 in aqueous ethanol solutions is lower than that in aqueous solutions, which causes a decrease of the driving force of mass transfer. (2) The process of surface reaction of K2SO4 became slower due to the addition of ethanol, so that the whole process is mainly dominated by the surface reaction instead of mass transfer.

Solubilities of Isophthalic Acid in Acetic Acid ＋ Water Solvent Mixtures

The solubilities of isophthalic acid （1） in binary acetic acid （2） ＋ water （3） solvent mixtures were determined in a pressurized vessel. The temperature range was from 373.2 to 473.2K and the range of the mole fraction of acetic acid in the solvent mixtures was from x2 = 0 to 1. A new method to measure the solubility was developed, which solved the problem of sampling at high temperature. The experimental results indicated that within the temperature range studied, the solubilities of isophthalic acid in all mixtures showed an increasing trend with increasing tem- perature. The expe^mental solubilities were co .rrelated by the Buchowski equation, and the calculate results showed good agreement with the experimental solubilities. Furthermore, the mixed solvent systems were found to exhibit a maximum solubility effect on the solubility, which may be attributed to the intermolecular association between the solute and the solvent mixture： The maximum solubility effect was well modeled by the modified Wilson equation.

Evaluation of IGL-1 preservation solution using an orthotopic liver transplantation model

AIM： To compare, in a pig the protective effect of UW liver transplantation model, with that of IGL-1, a highsodium preservation solution containing polyethylene glycol （PEG） as an oncotic supply. METHODS： All livers were harvested and grafted orthotopically according to standard techniques. The livers were washed out and preserved for 7 h in IGL-1 （n = 6） or in UW solution （n = 7） at 4℃. In a sham group （n = 4）, the livers underwent a 60-min warm ischemia at 37℃. The hepatocellular injury was assessed in organ preservation solution washed out from the graft at the end of ischemic storage （before revascularization）, and in serum 2 h after reperfusion and daily for up to 6 d. RESULTS： Livers preserved in IGL-1 solution released markedly less AST than that preserved in the UW solution before and after revascularization （P 〈 0.05）. Besides, the activity of creatine kinase-BB, a marker of sinusoidal lining cells injury, was higher in the UW group than in the IGL-1 group （P 〈 0.05）. Histological results showed less necrotic regions in livers preserved in IGL-1 solution; however, no difference was observed for inflammation. CONCLUSION： IGL-1 liquid effectively protects parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells against preservation-reperfusion injuries.

The Research Progress of CO2 Capture with Ionic Liquids

Due to their negligible volatility,reasonable thermal stability,strong dissolubility,wide liquid range and tunability of structure and property,ionic liquids have been regarded as emerging candidate reagents for CO2 cap-ture from industries gases.In this review,the research progresses in CO2 capture using conventional ionic liquids,functionalized ionic liquids,supported ionic-liquids membranes,polymerized ionic liquids and mixtures of ionic liquids with some molecular solvents were investigated and reviewed.Discussion of relevant research fields was presented and the future developments were suggested.

Dissolution Improvement of Cisapride by Solid Dispersion with HPMC

To prepare a solid dispersion of cisapride with hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose(HPMC E5 LV) as carrier for the purpose of accelerating the in vitro drug release by means ofimproving the solubility of the model drug. Methods Alcohol and simulated gastric fluid (SGF) wereused to dissolve cisapride and HPMC in order to make the model drug dispersed homogeneously in thecarrier. The HPMC-cisapride solid dispersion was then obtained by conventional solvent evaporationmethod. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to measure the diffraction peaks of pure carrier,pure cisapride, physical mixture of HPMC with cisapride (4:1), and HPMC-cisapride solid dispersion(4:1) to confirm the crystal existence. The solubility of pure drug and HPMC-cisapride soliddispersion was measured with water, SGF and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) . The in vitro drugreleases of the sustained release tablet prepared with pure cisapride or HPMC-cisapride soliddispersion were investigated with water and SGF as media, respectively. Results No diffraction peakswere found by X-ray diffraction in the HPMC-cisapride solid dispersion (4:1), indicating that thedrug existed in an amorphous form at that drug-carrier ratio. Compared with the pure drug, thesolubilities of HPMC-cisapride solid dispersion are increased by 239.4% in SGF, 132.6% in water, and117.9% in SIF. According to the in vitro drug release, the sustained release tablet prepared withHPMC-cisapride solid dispersion had a faster drug release than did that prepared with pure drug. Thein vitro drug release profiles were found to comply with Higuchi's rule. Conclusion The in vitrodrug release of the sustained release tablet made by HPMC-cisapride solid dispersion is improvedowing to the increased drug solubility.

A Theoretical Model on Solvus Line Prediction of Film and Its Application in Nanogranular Al-Cu System

A theoretical model on the solvus line prediction of a film was proposed and applied to a nanogranular A1-Cu system. The calculation results show that the solvus line of solute Cu will markedly lower with the decrease of grain size, namely, the starting temperature of θ （Al2Cu） precipitation in a nanogranular A1-Cu film will markedly lower than that of conventional coarse grain alloy with the same Cu concentration, and the precipitation temperatures calculated are comparable with the experimental ones. The theoretical model can be simply used to calculate the starting temperature of precipitation in A1-Cu films under three states： ① films with substrate; ②films without substrate; ③ultrafine grain bulk alloy. As a result, the model is universal, moreover, can be, in principle, used to predict precipitation temperature in other systems.

Dissolution of antibiotics mycelium in ionic liquids:Performance and mechanism

Antibiotics mycelium, byproduct of pharmaceutical industry, contains high percentage of proteins, polysaccharides and lipids, while, the low solubility in traditional solvents limits its utilization. The dissolution process of penicillin mycelium was investigated using ionic liquids （ILs） as solvent. Quantitative correlation of solubility and ILs structure and dissolution mechanism were determined. About 91 45% of penicillin mycelium was dissolved in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate （[Bmim]Ac） under the condition of 120.0℃C and [Bmim]Ac/ mycelium （m/m） ratio of 3.90：1. Synergistic effect of ILs and DMSO was confirmed with the DMSO/[Bmim]Ac （v/m） ratio in the range of 0.0-1.0. At 25.0 ℃, the dissolution of penicillin mycelium increased from 69.74% to 94.50%, with the ratio of DMSO to [Bmim]Ac （v/m） as 1：1. The room temperature dissolution of mycelium provides a novel and energy-saving process for its high-valued utilization. The NMR and FT-IR spectra showed that hydrogen bonds are the dominant driving force for the dissolution in ILs. Quantitative study on the effects of anions and cations of lLs on dissolution using Kamlet-Taft model showed that there was a linearly positive correlation between solubility of penicillin mycelium and β parameter of the ILs. The solubility of mycelium increased with increasing hydrogen bond accepting ability of anions and donating ability of cations.