滇金的历史与今后的发展

云南是国内采金较早的地区之一,又曾是我国黄金的主要产地之一。历史上滇金曾一度辉煌:其开采至迟始于战国时期(475 B.C.～221B.C.);古代滇金的生产方法,历经千余年而沿袭至近代;元代中后期其金课额领先于其他产金诸省。近代由于生产方法和经营方式落后,云南黄金业落后于全国黄金业的发展。由于黄金具有广阔的市场和云南有丰富的黄金资源,当代滇金的发展前景广阔。文章论述了历史上滇金的生产状况,当代滇金的发展前景,提出了开发滇金的思考。

基于数据挖掘探讨滇女金丸治疗卵巢功能早衰及其相关卵巢疾病的临床可行性

目的:通过数据挖掘方法探讨滇女金丸治疗卵巢功能早衰及其相关卵巢疾病的临床可行性。方法:检索中国知网、万方等文献数据库,收集、整理具有临床数据支撑治疗卵巢功能早衰及其相关疾病的中药方剂文献资料,对文献中的中药方剂进行药材频次、性味、归经、药效分类、关联规则Apriori分析,分析文献方剂治疗卵巢功能早衰及其相关疾病的用药特点及规律,并与滇女金丸的处方特点进行比较、分析。结果:滇女金丸处方特点与治疗卵巢功能早衰及其相关疾病的文献方剂用药特点及规律基本一致,文献方剂中药材使用频次最高的熟地黄、当归为滇女金丸的君药,方剂中药材性味、归经、药效分类各占比与滇女金丸处方药材占比相似,Apriori分析显示,滇女金丸常用药对配伍与文献方剂相近。结论:滇女金丸在治疗卵巢功能早衰及其相关卵巢疾病方面具有一定的临床可行性。

滇中小水井金矿床成矿流体地球化学及成因类型探讨

小水井金矿床赋存于哀牢山造山带红河断裂东缘韧-脆性剪切构造破碎带中,容矿岩石为砂泥岩、灰岩之角砾岩、碎裂岩。硫、碳同位素研究表明,流体中碳、硫来自深部或地幔;氢、氧同位素组成则显示成矿热液主要为天水下渗及地下水循环从流经岩石获得物质而形成的混合热液流体。矿物中流体包裹体类型以气-液相为主,少量气相出现。矿石中的石英流体包裹体液相成分阳离子以Na＋、K＋为主,Na＋/K＋比值为3.056~4.940;阴离子以Cl-、SO24-为主,且Cl-〉SO24-〉F;气相成分以H2O、CO2为主,间有CH4、CO出现,属H2O-CO2-NaCl体系。主要成矿阶段流体包裹体均一温度集中于180~260℃之间,成矿深度约为1.0 km,流体密度0.65~0.9 g/cm3,流体盐度w（NaCleq）1.74%~9.08%,平均5.33%。小水井金矿床属于浅成条件下,由中低温、低盐度、低密度的混合热液流体在韧-脆性剪切构造带中形成的金矿床,其地质-地球化学特征与造山型金矿相似,成因类型应归属于浅成造山型金矿床,工业类型为构造蚀变岩型金矿。矿床的形成经历了金元素初始富集形成矿源层、成岩期后剪切-逆冲推覆构造活动过程中的构造-热液作用富集成矿、中酸性岩浆沿剪切构造带及裂隙系统侵入活动形成的含矿热液叠加富集、表生氧化-淋滤再富集时期等成矿过程。

RP-HPLC-ELSD同时测定滇女金丸中5个皂苷类成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定滇女金丸中的三七皂苷R_(1)、人参皂苷Rg_(1)、人参皂苷Rb_(1)、川续断皂苷Ⅵ、黄芪甲苷含量的反相高效液相-蒸发光散射检测法(RP-HPLC-ELSD)。方法:该药物的分析采用Agilent ZORBAX SB-C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为水-乙腈,梯度洗脱;流速为1 mL·min^(-1);柱温为25℃;漂移管温度为50℃;体积流量为1.6 L·min^(-1);增益5.0。结果:三七皂苷R_(1)、人参皂苷Rg_(1)、人参皂苷Rb_(1)、川续断皂苷Ⅵ、黄芪甲苷分别在0.874~10.920 (r=0.999 7)、1.264~10.110 (r=0.999 6)、0.627~10.030 (r=0.999 9)、0.653~13.572 (r=0.999 7)、1.018~10.180μg (r=0.9998)呈良好线性关系,平均回收率分别为102.07%(RSD为4.78%)、103.98%(RSD为4.61%)、99.39%(RSD为1.96%)、95.72%(RSD为3.76%)和101.64%(RSD为1.31%)。结论:该分析方法准确性、重复性及稳定性均良好,可用于滇女金丸的质量标准提升。

滇中小水井金矿成矿阶段

小水井金矿床形成,经历金元素初始富集形成矿源层、成岩期后剪切—逆冲推覆构造活动中的构造—热液作用富集成矿、中酸性岩浆沿剪切构造带及裂隙系统侵入活动形成含矿热液叠加富集成矿、表生氧化-淋滤再富集成矿等四个成矿期。将构造—热液期进一步划分为四个成矿阶段:石英阶段、黄铁矿—石英阶段、多金属硫化物阶段、石英—萤石—重晶石—碳酸盐化阶段。

Preliminary Report on the Successful Breeding of the Endangered Fish Sinocyclocheilus grahami Endemic to Dianchi Lake

The fish Sinocyclocheilus grahami is one of the indicative and endemic species in the Dianchi Lake ecosystem. As a result of pollution and invasion of exotic fishes, the fish had disappeared from Dianchi Lake since 1986 and only a few small populations survive in springs and streams around the lake. Due to the endangered status and special scientific value, S.grahami was listed as the second class protective animal of China in 1989. The importance of S. grahami and the indigenous biodiversity of Dianchi Lake were recognized by the Global Environment Foundation （GEF） /World Bank and Yunnan Development ＆ Reform Committee. Therefore a special grant was set up to restore and conserve the indigenous biodiversity of Dianchi Lake. The artificial breeding of S. grahami is a part of the targeted activities. Two successful breeding experiments were achieved using five females plus six males up to early March 2007. Approximately 1600 eggs were collected, of which 1320 eggs fertilized using the dry-fertilizing method. The mean fertilization rate was 73%. Approximately 480 fish fry was hatched and the mean hatching rate was 36%. After 10 days of cultivation, 95% fingerlings survived and their body lengths were up to 8- 12 mm. The importance of the artificial breeding success of S. grahami could be summarized as following： effectively protecting the fish from extinction; releasing the fish fry back to appropriate water body of the lake could help to restore the indigenous biodiversity of Dianchi Lake; facilitating the shift of local fish cultivation from the present non-indigenous to the future indigenous fishery.

滇越金线兰对高脂饮食联合STZ诱导的大鼠血糖、血脂和肾功能的影响

目的:研究滇越金线兰等剂量的总膏及其各极性部位对高脂饮食联合STZ诱导的大鼠模型血糖、血脂和肾功能的影响。方法:对滇越金线兰的总膏用不同极性的溶剂萃取,得到石油醚部位、乙酸乙酯部位、正丁醇部位和水部位。测定总膏和各极性部位对高脂饮食联合STZ诱导的模型大鼠给药后血浆的总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、肌酐(CRE)和尿素氮(BUN)。肾脏切片,进行病理学检查。结果:滇越金线兰的乙酸乙酯部位(4 g/kg)可以显著降低模型大鼠的血糖、改善血脂代谢,减少肌酐和尿素氮。各给药部位对糖尿病并发的早期肾损害有改善作用。结论:乙酸乙酯部位为滇越金线兰降血糖、降血脂和改善糖尿病肾病并发症的主要活性部位。

A Record of the Invasive Golden Apple Snail Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck 1819) at Black Dragon Spring,Dianchi Basin

The golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata （Lamarck 1819） was first recorded at Black Dragon Spring, Dianchi Basin, Baiyi Township, Songming County, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China, in October 2004. The water from the spring flows into the Songhuaba Reservoir, the major drinking water resource for Kunming City, and part of the Dianchi Lake basin. This is the first record of this invasive snail in the Dianchi Lake Basin. Pomacea canaliculata originates from Central and South America, and in Asia the snail has spread through deliberate and accidental introductions to the Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Korea, Japan and South China. It has become a major pest in rice-growing areas, resulting in huge damage to crops. Strict prevention and control measures have to be implemented to prevent the spread of the snail in Yunnan, together with public awareness campaigns to inform the public of the dangers of this invasive snail.

Niche partitioning between sympatric rhesus macaques and Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys at Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve, China

Here we provide a preliminary assessment of dietary and habitat requirements of two sympatric primate taxa, a ＂simple-stomached＂ and ＂complex-stomached＂ species （Rhinopithecus bieti Colobinae vs. Macaca mulatta Cercopithecinae）, as a basis for illuminating how the two coexist. Of ca. 22 plant food species consumed by the macaques, at least 16 were also eaten by the snub-nosed monkeys. Both species showed a preference for fruits. While the snub-nosed monkeys did not utilize any resources associated with human communities, rhesus macaques did occasionally raid agricultural crops. The mean elevation of the snub-nosed monkey group was 3,218 m, while the mean elevation of the macaque group was 2,995 m. Macaques were also spotted on meadows whereas snub-nosed monkeys evidently avoided these. For both species, mixed deciduous broadleaf/conifer forest was the most frequently used ecotype, but whereas evergreen broadleaf forest （Cyclobalanopsis community） accounted for only 3% of the location records of the snub-nosed monkeys, it accounted for 36% of the location records of the macaques. Groups of the two species usually kept a considerable spatial distance from one another （mean 2.4 km）. One close encounter and confrontation between groups of the two species resulted in the macaque group moving away. Our findings suggest that the coexistence of the two taxa is facilitated via differential macrohabitat use and spatial avoidance. Although divergent habitat-use strategies may reflect interspecific competition, they may also merely reflect different physiological or ecological requirements.

Activity budget of Rhinopithecus bieti at Tibet:Effects of day length,temperature and food availability

How animals allocate their time to various activities has significant consequences for their survival because they reflect the different constraints on time-energy balances. Many ecological variables, such as day length, temperature, food availabil- ity, are supposed to effect on activity budgets allocation of temperate primates. To examine the potential influence of these three variables, the activity budgets ofRhinopithecus bieti was studied at Xiaochangdu, Tibet from June 2003 to March 2005. Pearson correlations were utilized to assess potential relationships between activity budget and day length, food availability and temperature, and stepwise multiple regressions to identify the priority of resting and other activities （activities besides feeding, moving and resting）. Time spent resting and doing ＂other activities＂ is positively related to day length, temperature and food availability. No significant correlations were found between feeding/moving time and any of these variables. This suggests that foraging time （feeding ＋ moving） takes priority over rest and other activities. Day length and foraging time （as independent variables） were related to the time spent in the other two activities besides feeding/moving （as dependent variables）. Both time spent resting and in ＂other activities＂ were highly significant positive functions of day length, with the latter a highly significant negative function of feeding time and moving time. Resting time may therefore be interpreted as taking priority over ＂other activities＂ time. These results provide further evidence of the importance of day length, temperature and food availability to seasonal activity budgets [Current Zoology 56 （6）： 650q559, 2010].

First evidence of prey capture and meat eating by wild Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus bieti in Yunnan,China

Most extant nonhuman primates occasionally prey on fast-moving, warm-blooded animals; however, Indriidae, Lepilemuridae, and Colobinae either scavenged for meat or did not eat meat at all. Here we report six cases of animal consumption by the snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti in a wild, habituated group between 2004 and 2009 in Yunnan, China. At present, only males in an all-male unit within the study group were involved in active hunting. Such a male-biased activity may be related to the group structure and spatial spread of R. bieti. Two females were observed eating freshly killed birds. The findings confirmed that R. bieti engaged in scavenging and, when hunting, employed a cranio-cervical bite to kill their prey. Meat eating is likely a nutrient maximization feeding strategy in R. bieti, especially in males. A begging behavior occurred after successful prey capture. Although begging was observed, no sharing of the meat was seen. The present findings illuminate the dietary diversity of R. bieti and their ability to expand their dietary spectrum.

Leaf choice in black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus bieti is related to the physical and chemical properties of leaves

To understand the effects of the chemical and physical properties of plant leaves on food choice in Rhinopithecus bieti, we collected mature leaves of nine food and five non-food plant species at the southernmost part of the species＇s range. Chemical properties such as fat, ash, crude protein （CP）, total phenolics （TP）, and fiber content including neutral detergent fiber （NDF）, acid detergent fiber （ADF）, lignin, celluloses and hemicelluloses, and physical toughness were measured. R. bieti tended to choose leaves with lower fiber content, higher ash, a higher ratio of CP/ADF, and lower toughness. No difference was found for fat, crude protein, total phenolics, hemicelluloses and lignin between food and non-food leaves. Even though the ratio of CP/ADF is generally regarded as a good indicator for colobine food choice, the difference in the ratio of CP/ADF between food and non-food leaves was only the result of differences in ADE Since positive correlations were found between ADF and tough- ness from all leaves （both food and non-food species）, and toughness of leaves was likely easier for R. bieti to sense than fiber content via mastication, the toughness of leaves may function as a predictor of food choice in this species [Current Zoology 56 （6） 643-49, 2010].

Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Sediments from Dianchi Lake,China

Fractionation of heavy metals in sediments can help in understanding potential hazards of heavy metals. The present study analyzed total concentrations and fractions of selected heavy metals （Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn） in surface sediments from Dianchi Lake, Yunnan Province, China, as well as factors that may affect distributions of the various heavy metal fractions. Total concentrations of the heavy metals decreased in the order Zn 〉 Cu 〉 Pb 〉 Cr 〉 Cd. These heavy metals, except Cr, were much higher than their background levels, indicating that Dianchi Lake was polluted by Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu. Cadmium occurred mainly as the non-residual fraction （sum of the HOAc-soluble, reducible, and oxidizable fractions） （97.6%）, and Zn （55.7%） was also predominantly found in the non-residual fraction. In contrast, most of the Cr （88.5%）, Pb （81.8%）, and Cu （59.2%） occurred in the residual fraction. Correlation analysis showed that total heavy metal concentrations, organic matter and reducible Fe were the main factors affecting the distributions of the various heavy metal fractions. In the Walhai section of Dianchi Lake （comprising 97% of the lake area）, the concentrations of Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu in the non-residual fraction were significantly lower （P ≤ 0.01 or 0.05） than those of the Caohal section （3% of the lake area）. This indicated that potential heavy metal hazards in the Caohai section were greater than the Waihai section.

Dominance hierarchy and social relationships in a group of Captive black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bietl)

Different types of dominance hierarchies reflect different social relationships in primates. In this study, we clarified the hierarchy and social relationships in a one-male unit of captive Rhinopithecus bieti observed between August 1998 and March 1999. Mean frequency of agonistic behaviour among adult females was 0.13 interactions per hour. Adult females exhibited a linear hierarchy with a reversal of 10.9%, indicating an unstable relationship; therefore, R. bieti appears to be a relaxed/tolerant species. The lack of a relationship between the agonistic ratio of the adult male towards adult females and their ranks indicated that males did not show increased aggression towards low-ranking females. Differentiated female affiliative relationships were loosely formed in terms of the male, and to some extent influenced by female estrus, implying that relationships between the male and females is influenced by estrus and not rank alone. A positive correlation between the agonistic ratio of adult females and their ranks showed that the degree to which one female negatively impacted others decreased with reduction in rank. Similarly, a positive correlation between the agonistic ratio of females and differences in rank suggests that a female had fewer negative effects on closely ranked individuals than distantly ranked ones. These data indicate that rank may influence relationships between females. A steeper slope of regression between the agonistic ratio and inter-female rank differences indicated that the extent of the power difference in high-ranking females exerting negative effects on low-ranking ones was larger during the mating season than the birth season, suggesting that rank may influence the mating success of females.

反相高效液相色谱法同时测定滇女金丸中黄芪甲苷、川续断皂苷Ⅵ的含量

目的探讨反相高效液相色谱法（RP-HPLC-ELSD）同时测定滇女金丸中黄芪甲苷、川续断皂苷VI含量的优点及意义。方法采用Agilent Eclipse XDB C18 （250 mm×4.6 mm，5 μm）色谱柱，乙腈（A）-0.05%甲酸溶液（B）进行梯度洗脱（0～10 min，10% A～20% A；10～40 min，20% A～65% A；40～45 min, 65% A；45.1 min，10% A；45.1～50 min，10% A），柱温30 ℃，流速1.0 ml/min，漂移管温度80 ℃，增益10。结果黄芪甲苷、川续断皂苷VI在4.148～124.44 ng、220.548～6616.44 ng范围内线性关系良好。仪器精密度、稳定性、重复性试验中相对标准偏差（RSD）均〈3%。平均回收率分别为99.51%、100.83%，RSD均小于3%。三批样品中黄芪甲苷、川续断皂苷VI含量分别为（10.64 μg/g，520.65 μg/g）、（12.32 μg/g，538.95 μg/g）、（10.96 μg/g，517.75 μg/g）。结论RP-HPLC-ELSD同时测定滇女金丸中黄芪甲苷、川续断皂苷VI含量，准确度高，灵敏度高，分离效果理想，可为完善续断质量标准评价提供依据。

Antihyperglycemic, insulinsensitizing and antioxidant activities of the active fractions from Anoectochilus chapaensis

Anoectochilus chapaensis Gagnep. （Orchidaceae）, an indigenous and valuable Chinese folk medicine, has been widely used in China to treat diabetes. However, few reports are available about its constituents and activity. The present experiment was conducted to investigate the active fractions from A. chapaensis in diabetic rat model induced by high-fat diet plus streptozotocin. The total EtOH extract from the whole herbs ofA. chapaensis, half of which was partitioned in sequence with petrol ether （PE）, ethyl acetate （EtOAc）, n-BuOH and H2O, thus yielding four fractions, all of them were orally administered with an identical dose amount to 4 g/kg dried crude herbs once a day for consecutive two weeks to further investigate the antihyperglycemic activity. The EtOAc fraction caused a significant fall in the non-fasting blood glucose level of diabetic rats from （402.66±82.26） to （226.26±62.10） mg/dl, which may be attributed to ameliorating insulin resistance, modulating the activity of enzymatic antioxidants, reducing the content of NO, etc. Much more intact β cells in the islets of Langerhans in EtOAc fraction-treated groups than the negative control were observed, which greatly supported the morphological and functional elucidation. The OGTT evidenced that EtOAc fraction could promote the endurance capacity of acute glucose increase in diabetic rats. The EtOAc fraction of A. chapaensis contains some hypoglycemic and antioxidant principles with the potential to be developed further for the treatment of diabetes specifically associated with an insulin resistance state.

An UPLC-MS/MS application to investigate the chemical composition of the ethanol extract from Anoectochilus chapaensis and its hypoglycemic activity in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells

Anoectochilus chapaensis Gagnep. （Orchidaceae） was named as the ＂king of medicine＂ because of its excellent efficacy for the treatment of diabetes. However, the bioactive constituents are unknown. An ethanol extract from A. chapaensis showed significant stimulating effect on glucose consumption in HepG2 cells. The chemical composition was investigated by UPLC-MS/MS in negative electrospray ionization （ESI） mode, and 63 compounds including flavonoids, triterpenoids, and aliphatic acids were tentatively identified by accurate mass and characteristic fragments. Moreover, the method of hypoglycemic screening with insulin resistant HepG2 cells and UPLC-MS/MS might be potentially useful in rapid and efficient characterization and primary prediction of natural products prior to traditional isolation.