Among various schemes to reuse and recycle the limited urban fresh water resources, sustainable urban stormwater management, such as water sensitive urban design and rainwater harvesting, has been recognized as one of...Among various schemes to reuse and recycle the limited urban fresh water resources, sustainable urban stormwater management, such as water sensitive urban design and rainwater harvesting, has been recognized as one of the most efficient and economically viable approaches. Storm runoff shall be treated as close as possible to its source before it is reused or discharged into public drainage network or receiving waters to enhance the water environment quality. Bioretention swale/basin, which has been commonly applied to treat runoff from roads, car parks, cyclist and pedestrian paths, rooftops, etc., is recognized to be the most efficient and aesthetic pleasing way to harvest rainwater in urban settings, and other longish shape runoff catchment area. This paper studied over 10 bioretention swales/basins applications in temperate region worldwide covering China, Germany, Norway, Austria, USA, and Australia. Key steps in bioretention swale/basin design and implementation in temperate region were investigated, such as strategic bioretention scheme selection, flow conveyance and hydraulic capacity design, filtering media profile, vegetation scheme selection and maintenance scheme, and suggestion and key design parameters. The critical path and parameters of bioretention swale/basin design which enhanced the effectiveness and efficiency of its application for rainwater harvesting in temperate regions were derived.展开更多
Agro-chemical transport processes at different scales are discussed and relevant opening questions areidentified by literature review to make some suggestions concerning the improvement of research methods forfield sc...Agro-chemical transport processes at different scales are discussed and relevant opening questions areidentified by literature review to make some suggestions concerning the improvement of research methods forfield scale solute transport by aid of evaluation of existing models, and examining transport behaviors of solutein vadose zones on different scales. The results indicate that present research progress and understanding onfield scale solute transport have not yet been enough to guarantee the use of our models for the management offield solute movement. Much more research work needs to be done, particularly, in aspects of high resolutionof spatial structures relevant to the hydraulic and transport properties, explicit numerical simulation of actualstructure on field scale and field measurement corroborated with model development.展开更多
Presented is a new testing system based on using the factor models and self-organizing feature maps as well as the method of filtering undesirable environment influence. Testing process is described by the factor mode...Presented is a new testing system based on using the factor models and self-organizing feature maps as well as the method of filtering undesirable environment influence. Testing process is described by the factor model with simplex structure, which represents the influences of genetics and environmental factors on the observed parameters - the answers to the questions of the test subjects in one case and for the time, which is spent on responding to each test question to another. The Monte Carlo method is applied to get sufficient samples for training self-organizing feature maps, which are used to estimate model goodness-of-fit measures and, consequently, ability level. A prototype of the system is implemented using the Raven＇s Progressive Matrices （Advanced Progressive Matrices） - an intelligence test of abstract reasoning. Elimination of environment influence results is performed by comparing the observed and predicted answers to the test tasks using the Kalman filter, which is adapted to solve the problem. The testing procedure is optimized by reducing the number of tasks using the distribution of measures to belong to different ability levels after performing each test task provided the required level of conclusion reliability is obtained.展开更多
基金National Key Science and Technology Special Project, China(No. 2008zx07317-007-105)
文摘Among various schemes to reuse and recycle the limited urban fresh water resources, sustainable urban stormwater management, such as water sensitive urban design and rainwater harvesting, has been recognized as one of the most efficient and economically viable approaches. Storm runoff shall be treated as close as possible to its source before it is reused or discharged into public drainage network or receiving waters to enhance the water environment quality. Bioretention swale/basin, which has been commonly applied to treat runoff from roads, car parks, cyclist and pedestrian paths, rooftops, etc., is recognized to be the most efficient and aesthetic pleasing way to harvest rainwater in urban settings, and other longish shape runoff catchment area. This paper studied over 10 bioretention swales/basins applications in temperate region worldwide covering China, Germany, Norway, Austria, USA, and Australia. Key steps in bioretention swale/basin design and implementation in temperate region were investigated, such as strategic bioretention scheme selection, flow conveyance and hydraulic capacity design, filtering media profile, vegetation scheme selection and maintenance scheme, and suggestion and key design parameters. The critical path and parameters of bioretention swale/basin design which enhanced the effectiveness and efficiency of its application for rainwater harvesting in temperate regions were derived.
文摘Agro-chemical transport processes at different scales are discussed and relevant opening questions areidentified by literature review to make some suggestions concerning the improvement of research methods forfield scale solute transport by aid of evaluation of existing models, and examining transport behaviors of solutein vadose zones on different scales. The results indicate that present research progress and understanding onfield scale solute transport have not yet been enough to guarantee the use of our models for the management offield solute movement. Much more research work needs to be done, particularly, in aspects of high resolutionof spatial structures relevant to the hydraulic and transport properties, explicit numerical simulation of actualstructure on field scale and field measurement corroborated with model development.
文摘Presented is a new testing system based on using the factor models and self-organizing feature maps as well as the method of filtering undesirable environment influence. Testing process is described by the factor model with simplex structure, which represents the influences of genetics and environmental factors on the observed parameters - the answers to the questions of the test subjects in one case and for the time, which is spent on responding to each test question to another. The Monte Carlo method is applied to get sufficient samples for training self-organizing feature maps, which are used to estimate model goodness-of-fit measures and, consequently, ability level. A prototype of the system is implemented using the Raven＇s Progressive Matrices （Advanced Progressive Matrices） - an intelligence test of abstract reasoning. Elimination of environment influence results is performed by comparing the observed and predicted answers to the test tasks using the Kalman filter, which is adapted to solve the problem. The testing procedure is optimized by reducing the number of tasks using the distribution of measures to belong to different ability levels after performing each test task provided the required level of conclusion reliability is obtained.
