烃源岩热演化指标研究现状

烃源岩有机质热演化指标研究在油气地质研究和油气勘探中是一项十分重要的工作。在搜集国内外大量文献资料基础上,对目前常用的多种有机质热演化指标进行了归纳与总结,指出了不同指标的优缺点和在实际应用中存在的问题。研究认为,在评价有机质热演化程度时应注意运用多指标进行综合评价,探讨和建立多种热演化指标与镜质体反射率之间的相关关系,从而才能更准确地确定烃源岩热演化程度。

苏北第三系成熟演化指标与深度关系的3种模式

在苏北盆地下第三系,4项成熟演化参数(Ro、甾烷成熟指标SM、蒙脱石层间比S、裂变径迹)与深度呈由浅变深的平行线分布关系。分析认为,这些样品分别产生于不同的构造-沉积埋藏史背景,浅的代表构造抬升型,最深的代表短时加温型,次深的代表长时加温型。3种模式的建立为构造抬升地区恢复地层剥蚀量提供了可选择的依据。

高演化海相碳酸盐岩层系古温标的直接指标——包裹体均一温度

对川东北地区多口钻井岩心样品包裹体均一温度、盐度、密度等的系统分析发现,该地区具有3期烃类流体活动的迹象。包裹体均一温度与盐度、密度具有较好的相关性,在古今地温梯度变化不大的情况下,可以利用实测包裹体均一温度与古地温梯度推算当时的最大埋深或剥蚀厚度,恢复其热演化历史。储层最高包裹体均一温度与镜质体反射率、实测地温、伊利石结晶度等多项指标均具有较好的相关性,是现今开展海相高演化地区热史恢复的一项直接、有效的指标。

碳酸盐岩热演化指标研究

应用固体^(13)C-NMR技术对不同类型、不同演化程度碳酸盐岩干酪根的化学组成和结构特征进行研究,目的在于用干酪根的结构参数去表征碳酸盐岩的热演化程度.对芳碳率、芳氢率、芳核平均结构尺寸的具体分析表明后者是最有效的热演化衡量标尺,其不受母质类型的影响,并建立了芳核平均结构尺寸与镜质体反射率的关系.

应用固体^(13)C NMR 技术研究碳酸盐烃源岩的生烃潜力和热演化程度

应用固体１３ＣＮＭＲ技术对不同类型、不同演化程度碳酸盐岩干酪根的化学组成和结构特征进行了研究，结果表明干酪根结构中的脂碳是油气的主要贡献者；剖析了油、气潜力碳在不同演化阶段的变化特征。对芳碳率、芳氢率、芳核平均结构尺寸等参数的分析表明，后者是最有效的热演化衡量标尺，并建立了芳核平均结构尺寸与镜质体反射率的关系。

Overview of Ecological Restoration Technologies and Evaluation Systems

Ecological degradation is a global problem, and ecological restoration technologies have played and will continue to play an important role in its mitigation. However, the lack of systematic research and evaluations of ecological technologies has thus far affected their effective application in vulnerable ecological regions. This study therefore provides an overview of the main technologies for remediating soil and water erosion, desertification, and rock desertification in China and throughout the world. It addresses key issues and recommends approaches for evaluating ecological restoration technologies. Restoration technology emerged as early as 1800. Over the years such technology has changed from single objective applications to multi-purpose, multi-objective applications employing strategies that take into account ecosystem rehabilitation and integrated ecological and socioeconomic development. Along with this technological evolution, different countries have taken pertinent actions as part of their restoration initiatives. However, key issues remain, including the lack of location-specific restoration technologies and a methodological strategy to assess and prioritize existing technologies. This study proposes a four-level analytical hierarchical framework in conjunction with an indicator system that highlights the establishment and adaptation of associative indicators, while also recommending a three-phase evaluation method（The Mert）, targeting The Mert to qualitative（quick and extensive） and quantitative（detailed） evaluations in order to select the most appropriate restoration technologies available. This study can also be used as a basis for understanding the evaluation and prioritization of restoration technologies, while increasing the awareness of decision makers and the public on the role of technology in restoring degraded ecosystems.

Spatio-temporal evolution of urban innovation structure based on zip code geodatabase: An empirical study from Shanghai and Beijing

In today's world, the innovation of science and technology has become the key support for improving comprehensive national strength and changing the mode of social production and lifestyle. The country that possesses world-class scientific and technological innovation cities maximizes the attraction of global innovation factors and wins a strategic initiative in international competition. Based on the urban zip code geodatabase, an evaluation system of urban innovation with the perspective of innovation outputs, and the spatial evolutionary mode, concerning the structure of innovation space of Shanghai and Beijing from 1991 to 2014, was developed. The results of the research indicated that the zip code geodatabase provided a new perspective for studying the evolving spatial structure of urban innovation. The resulting evaluation of the spatial structure of urban innovation using the urban zip code geodatabase established by connecting random edge points, was relatively effective. The study illustrates the value of this methodology. During the study period, the spatial structure of innovation of Shanghai and Beijing demonstrated many common features: with the increase in urban space units participating in innovation year by year, the overall gap of regional innovation outputs has narrowed, and the trend towards spatial agglomeration has strengthened. The evolving spatial structure of innovation of Shanghai and Beijing demonstrated differences between the common features during the 25 years as well: in the trend towards the suburbanization of innovation resources, the spatial structure of innovation of Shanghai evolved from a single-core to a multi-core structure. A radiation effect related to traffic arteries as spatial diffusion corridors was prominent. Accordingly, a spatial correlation effect of its innovation outputs also indicated a hollowness in the city center; the spatial structure of innovation of Beijing had a single-core oriented structure all the way. Together with the tendency for innovation resources to be agglomerated in the city center, the spatial correlation effect of innovation outputs reflected the characteristics of the evolutionary feature where "rural area encircles cities". The innovation spatial structure of Shanghai and Beijing have intrinsic consistency with the spatial structure of their respective regions(Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan region), which suggested that the principle of proportional and disproportional distribution of a city-scale pattern of technological and innovational activities is closely related to its regional innovation pattern.

The effect of volatile components in oil on evolutionary character- istics of diamondoids during oil thermal pyrolysis

On the basis of the results of simulation experiments, now we better understand the contribution of high carbon number hydrocarbons to diamondoid generation during thermal pyrolysis of crude oil and its sub-fractions(saturated, aromatic, resin, and asphalene fractions). However, little is known about the effect of volatile components in oil on diamondoid generation and diamondoid indices due to the lack of attention to these components in experiments. In this study, the effect of volatile components in oil on diamondoid generation and maturity indices was investigated by the pyrolysis simulation experiments on a normal crude oil from the HD23 well of the Tarim Basin and its residual oil after artificial volatilization, combined with quantitative analysis of diamondoids. The results indicate that the volatile components(≤n C12) in oil have an obvious contribution to the generation of adamantanes, which occurs mainly in the early stage of oil cracking(Easy Ro<1.0%), and influences the variations in maturity indices of adamantanes; but they have no obvious effect on the generation and maturity indices of diamantanes. Therefore, some secondary alterations e.g., migration, gas washing, and biodegradation, which may result in the loss of light hydrocarbons in oil under actual geological conditions, could affect the identification of adamantanes generated during the late-stage cracking of crude oil, and further influence the practical application of adamantane indices.