鼎湖山不同演替阶段土壤酸性阳离子淋溶动态研究

采用室内土柱模拟实验,对鼎湖山不同演替阶段(演替早期的针叶林、演替中期的混交林和演替后期的阔叶林)森林土壤酸性阳离子的淋溶动态及机理进行研究。结果表明,土壤滤出液酸性阳离子的释放浓度及电导率(EC)与土壤所处的演替阶段密切相关,即与本底值密切相关。随着模拟酸雨处理时间的增加,滤液EC呈下降趋势,pH逐渐上升,在淋溶的第6天略有下降,且滤液pH和EC呈极显著负相关(P<0.001;R=-0.81)。滤液中H+浓度及EC变幅均以演替早期针叶林最大,混交林最小。各演替阶段土壤A l3+溶出随着淋溶时间的延长迅速下降,但在第6天有进一步被活化的趋势。针叶林和混交林Fe3+和Mn2+比较相似的释放;而阔叶林则较为复杂。与模拟酸雨的酸度相比,离子的浓度对测定指标起着更重要的作用。对不同演替阶段土壤酸性阳离子的释放动态分析表明,各演替阶段土壤均处于铝氧化物缓冲阶段;同时,演替后期阔叶林土壤还处于铁氧化物和锰氧化物(氢氧化物)缓冲阶段。

若尔盖高原湿地土壤的恢复演替及其水分与养分变化

用野外调查和室内分析结合的方法研究了若尔盖高原湿地土壤的生态演替及土壤有效水分和养分的变化 ,以探讨湿地生态恢复过程对土壤演变及肥力状况的影响。结果表明 ,在若尔盖高原湿地生态恢复过程中 ,土壤类型发生相应的生态演替 ,其恢复演替序列为风沙土→草甸土→沼泽土→泥炭土。在这一演替序列中 ,随着湿地水分的恢复 ,土壤有效水分含量大幅度增加 ,土壤全N、全P ,有效N、P、K的含量亦明显增加 ,全K含量变化规律不明显 ,除全K外 ,全N、全P和有效N、P、K含量在剖面上的分布均表现为表层 >亚表层 >底层。湿地土壤的恢复演替以及土壤有效水分和养分含量的变化均表现出与湿地生态环境条件变化的一致性 ,湿地生态恢复促进了土壤肥力水平的提高。

矿区复合生态系统中土壤演替和植被演替的相互影响

在讨论矿区复合生态系统涵义的基础上,以平朔安太堡露天煤矿为例,探讨了大型露天矿区复合生态系统演替与原生态系统演替的不同,即露天矿区复合生态系统演替极大地受着社会——经济——自然三方面的控制,在演替过程中土壤演替与植被演替相互影响、相互协调,共同作用于矿区复合生态系统。同时,还阐述了进行矿区生态重建的两大关键措施:生态环境建设和群落建设。

北亚热带江淮地区土壤演替与白浆化土壤的形成

根据江淮地区中更新世晚期、晚更新世以来生物气候环境的变化，论述了不同时期土壤与环境的演替过程，从而分析自浆化土壤形成的特点是以下蜀期沉积物为母质，经过褐土化、黄棕壤化和草甸土化，最终发展为白浆化土壤。

Plant Traits and Soil Chemical Variables During a Secondary Vegetation Succession in Abandoned Fields on the Loess Plateau

Species dynamics in terms of both plant biological traits, ecological strategies and species richness as well as soil chemical variables during a secondary succession in abandoned fields on the Loess Plateau along a temporal sere from 3 a to 149 a were studied. The results indicated that (I) Soil total C and N increased while soil pH, total K and Na decreased with years since abandonment. No noticeable trend was found in the case of soil P along the successional sere. On the other hand, total CaO of the surface layer (0 - 10 cm) decreased, but that of the two deeper layer, (20 - 30 cm, 40 - 50 cm) increased with years since abandonment. Soil C, N, K and P decreased, while Na, CaO and soil pH increased with increasing soil depth. (2) Species richness peaked at both mid-stage of the successional sere and the intermediate portion of soil chemical variables gradient. (3) An ideal dominant species in the early successional stage were annuals with stable seed pool, CR-life strategy, S-regeneration strategy, and strong competitive ability on relatively poor soil, while perennials capable of intensive lateral spread and colonal ability, requiring high nutrient supply, and having Clife strategy would be the dominant species in the subsequent stages. Plant traits, such as perennial-life history, C-, CR-, SC-, SR-, S- and R-life strategies, W-, S-, Bs- VBs- and V-regeneration strategies, were over- represented throughout the whole sere among the other species. (4) Some traits, such as C-, SC-life strategies, ability of clonality, perennial-life history, well-developed lateral spread ability, V- and VBs-regeneration strategies, seed animal. dispersal mode, flowering time of autumn, fruit types of legumen and nut, were more or less correlated with increased soil total C, N and K, while S-, SR-, R-, CR-life strategies, annual-, biannual-life history, non-clonal ability, S-regeneration strategy, poor lateral spread ability, and fruit types of utricle, capsule were associated with increased soil total Na, CaO and pH. The results suggested that steppes should be the dominant native vegetation coinciding with the large-scaled eco-climatic conditions on the Loess Plateau.

论亚热带喀斯特植被的顶极群落——以贵州喀斯特植被为例

本文以贵州咯斯特植被为例,论述了喀斯特植被的生境特征、喀斯特植被演替的基本模式及喀斯特植被的顶极群落等有关问题,指出亚热带喀斯特植被演替顶极是一种典型的地形一土壤演替顶极,顶极群落的属性取决于喀斯特生境中的地形及土壤条件,如坡度,坡位、坡向、土层厚度和土壤湿润程度等等,其中限制因子是水分条件,在不同生境条件下,其演替顶极表现出一定差异,从而形成不同的顶极群落。

Soil Microbial Population Dynamics along a Chronosequence of Moist Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest Succession in Southwestern China

Little is known about whether soil microbial population dynamics are correlated with forest succession.To test the hypotheses that(1) soil microbial composition changes over successional stages,and(2) soil microbial diversity is positively correlated with plant species diversity,we determined the soil microbial populations,community composition,and microflora diversity in evergreen broad-leaved forests along a chronosequence of vegetation succession from 5 to 300 years in southwestern China.The soil microbial community was mainly composed of bacteria(87.1-98.7% of the total microorganisms and 10 genera identified),fungi(0.3-4.0%,7 genera),and actinomycetes(2.1-9.1%,8 species and 1 genus).There were significant differences in soil microbial populations among different successional stages and within the four seasons.The seasonal variations of the soil microbial community may be associated with the seasonal changes in environmental conditions.The changes in soil microbial diversity(Shannon-Wiener index) with successional time followed one-humped,convex curves peaked at-100 years since restoration,which is identical with the trends of the aboveground plant diversity.Higher plant diversity resulting in enhanced nutrient flow and root exudation may contribute to positive relationships between the soil microbial diversity and plant diversity.Hence,decreases in soil microbial diversity in the late-successional stages appear to be related to the net loss in species richness that occurs after 100 years since restoration.Our findings confirm the intermediate disturbance hypothesis that suggests diversity peaks at midsuccessional stages.

Relationship Between Microbial Community and Soil Properties During Natural Succession of Abandoned Agricultural Land

The changes of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) and microbial community in the topsoil of the abandoned agricultural land on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in China during the natural succession were evaluated to understand the relationship between microbial community and soil properties. MBC and MBN were measured using fumigation extraction, and microbial community was analyzed by the method of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The contents of organic C, total N, MBC, MBN, total FAME, fungal FAME, bacterial FAME and Gram-negative bacterial FAME at the natural succession sites were higher than those of the agricultural land, but lower than those of the natural vegetation sites. The MBC, MBN and total FAME were closely correlated with organic C and total N. Furthermore, organic C and total N were found to be positively correlated with fungal FAME, bacterial FAME, fungal/bacterial and Gram-negative bacterial FAME. Natural succession would be useful for improving soil microbial properties and might be an important alternative for sustaining soil quality on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in China.

Changes of Soil Water, Organic Matter, and Exchangeable Cations Along a Forest Successional Gradient in Southern China

Information on the distribution patterns of soil water content （SWC）, soil organic matter （SOM）, and soil exchangeable cations （SEC） is important for managing forest ecosystems in a sustainable manner. This study investigated how SWC, SOM, and SEC were influenced in forests along a successional gradient, including a regional climax （monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, or MEBF）, a transitional forest （coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, or MF）, and a pioneer forest （coniferous Masson pine （Pinus rnassoniana） forest, or MPF） of the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve in the subtropical region of southern China. SWC, SOM, and SEC excluding Ca^2＋ were found to increase in the soil during forest succession, being highest in the top soil layer （0 to 15 cm depth） except for Na^＋. The differences between soil layers were largest in MF. This finding also suggested that the nutrients were enriched in the topsoil when they became increasingly scarce in the soil. There were no significant differences （P = 0.05） among SWC, SOM, and SEC. A linear, positive correlation was found between SWC and SOM. The correlation between SOM and cation exchange capacity （CEC） was statistically significant, which agreed with the theory that the most important factor determining SEC is SOM. The ratio of K^＋ to Na^＋ in the topsoil was about a half of that in the plants of each forest. MF had the lowest exchangeable Ca^2＋ concentration among the three forests and Ca^2＋：K^＋ in MPF was two times higher than that in MF. Understanding the changes of SWC, SOM, and CEC during forest succession would be of great help in protecting all three forests in southern China.

Characterization of Bacterial Community Structure and Diversity in Rhizosphere Soils of Three Plants in Rapidly Changing Salt Marshes Using 16S rDNA

The structure and diversity of the bacterial communities in rhizosphere soils of native Phragmites australis and Scirpus rnariqueter and alien Spartina alterniflora in the Yangtze River Estuary were investigated by constructing 16S ribosomal DNA （rDNA） clone libraries. The bacterial diversity was quantified by placing the clones into operational taxonomic unit （OTU） groups at the level of sequence similarity of 〉 97%. Phylogenetic analysis of the resulting 398 clone sequences indicated a high diversity of bacteria in the rhizosphere soils of these plants. The members of Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Deltaproteobacteria of the phylum Proteobacteria were the most abundant in rhizobacteria. Chao 1 nonpaxametric diversity estimator coupled with the reciprocal of Simpson＇s index （l/D） was applied to sequence data obtained from each library to evaluate total sequence diversity and quantitatively compare the level of dominance. The results showed that Phragmites, Scirpus, and Spartina rhizosphere soils contained 200, 668, and 382 OTUs, respectively. The bacterial communities in the Spartina and Phragraites rhizosphere soils displayed species dominance revealed by 1/D, whereas the bacterial community in Scirpus rhizosphere soil had uniform distributions of species abundance. Overall, analysis of 16S rDNA clone libraries from the rhizosphere soils indicates that the changes in bacterial composition may occur concomitantly with the shift of species composition in plant communities.

Soil Erosion and Vegetation Succession in Alpine Kobresia Steppe Meadow Caused by Plateau Pika——A Case Study of Nagqu County, Tibet

This paper evaluated the impacts of mounds created by the plateau pika （Ochotona curzoniae） on the vegetation composition, structure, and species diversity of an alpine Kobresia steppe meadow in Nagqu County, Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Based on mound height or the depth of erosion pit, we defined five stages of erosion and compared the floristic features of communities at these stages with those in undisturbed sites. In the study area, the mounds and pits covered up to 7% of the total area. Lancea tibetica, Lamiophlomis rotata, and Potentilla biflarca were the dominant species in erosion pits, and Kobresia pygmaea, the dominant species in undisturbed sites, became a companion species in eroded areas. In the process of erosion, the original vegetation was covered by soil ejected by the pika, then the mounds were gradually eroded by wind and rain, and finally erosion pits formed. The vegetation coverage increased with increasing erosion stages but remained significantly lower than that in undisturbed sites. Improved coverage eventually reduced soil erosion, and pit depth eventually stabilized at around 20cm. Aboveground biomass increased with increasing erosion stage, but the proportion of low-quality forage reached more than 94%. The richness index and Shannon-Wiener index increased significantly with increasing erosion stage, but the richness index in mound and pit areas was significantly lower than that in undisturbed sites.

Soil Microbial Activity During Secondary Vegetation Succession in Semiarid Abandoned Lands of Loess Plateau

To show the vegetation succession interaction with soil properties, microbial biomass, basal respiration, and enzyme activities in different soil layers （0-60 cm） were determined in six lands, i.e., 2-, 7-, 11-, 20-, and 43-year-old abandoned lands and one native grassland, in a semiarid hilly area of the Loess Plateau. The results indicated that the successional time and soil depths affected soil microbiological parameters significantly. In 20-cm soil layer, microbial biomass carbon （MBC）, microbial biomass nitrogen （MBN）, MBC/MBN, MBC to soil organic carbon ratio （MBC/SOC）, and soil basal respiration tended to increase with successional stages but decrease with soil depths. In contrast, metabolic quotient （qCO2） tended to decrease with successional stages but increase with soil depths. In addition, the activities of urease, catalase, neutral phosphatase, β-fructofuranosidase, and earboxymethyl cellulose （CMC） enzyme increased with successional stages and soil depths. They were significantly positively correlated with microbial biomass and SOC （P 〈 0.5）, whereas no obvious trend was observed for the polyphenoloxidase activity. The results indicated that natural vegetation succession could improve soil quality and promote ecosystem restoration, but it needed a long time under local climate conditions.

Impacts of Soil Fauna on Litter Decomposition at Different Succession Stages of Wetland in Sanjiang Plain,China

Litter decomposition is the key process in nutrient recycling and energy flow. The present study examined the impacts of soil fauna on decomposition rates and nutrient fluxes at three succession stages of wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, China using different mesh litterbags. The results show that in each succession stage of wetland, soil fauna can obviously increase litter decomposition rates. The average contribution of whole soil fauna to litter mass loss was 35.35%. The more complex the soil fauna group, the more significant the role of soil fauna. The average loss of three types of litter in the 4mm mesh litterbags was 0.3-4. l times that in 0.058ram ones. The decomposition function of soil fauna to litter mass changed with the wetland succession. The average contribution of soil fauna to litter loss firstly decreased from 34.96% （Carex lasiocapa） to 32.94% （Carex rneyeriana）, then increased to 38.16% （Calamagrostics angustifolia）. The contributions of soil fauna to litter decomposition rates vary according to the litter substrata, soil fauna communities and seasons. Significant effects were respectively found in August and July on C. angustifolia and C. lasiocapa, while in June and August on C. meyeriana. Total carbon （TC）, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） contents and the C/N and C/P ratios of decaying litter can be influenced by soil fauna. At different wetland succession stages, the effects of soil fauna on nutrient elements also differ greatly, which shows the significant difference of in- fluencing element types and degrees. Soil fauna communities strongly influenced the TC and TP concentrations of C. meyeriana litter, and TP content of C. lasiocapa. Our results indicate that soil fauna have important effects on litter decomposition and this influence will vary with the wetland succession and seasonal variation.

Soil Acidification in Response to Acid Deposition in Three Subtropical Forests of Subtropical China

Long-term changes in soil pH, the current status of soil acidification, and the response of bulk soil and soil water pH to experimental nitrogen addition under three subtropical forests were investigated in Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve of subtropical China. The results showed that the mineral soil pH at 0-20 cm depth declined significantly from 4.60-4.75 in 1980s to 3.84-4.02 in 2005. Nitrogen addition resulted in the decrease of pH in both bulk soil and soil water collected at 20-cm depth. The rapid decline of soil pH was attributed to long-term high atmospheric acid deposition (nitrogen and sulphur) therein. The forest at earlier succession stage with originally higher soil pH appeared to be more vulnerable to acid deposition than that at later succession stage with originally low soil pH.

不同演替阶段岩溶石灰土可培养细菌的群落特征

岩溶土壤是岩溶生态系统的重要组成部分,其母质碳酸盐岩在气候、地形、时间及生物等因素的综合作用下可依次演替出黑色石灰土、棕色石灰土、黄色石灰土和红色石灰土。【目的】了解可培养细菌群落对岩溶石灰土演替过程的响应,可为岩溶石漠化治理、生态恢复和重建等提供理论依据。【方法】以黑色石灰土、棕色石灰土、黄色石灰土和红色石灰土为研究对象,对土壤SOC、TN和TP含量以及可培养细菌群落进行测定。【结果】土壤SOC和TN含量表现为:黑色石灰土>棕色石灰土>黄色石灰土>红色石灰土,TP含量在黑色石灰土中最高,在红色石灰土中最低。本研究共分离纯化得到144株细菌,其中R2A培养基分离纯化出的细菌最多。细菌主要来自Actinobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Firmicutes和Proteobacteria门,Pseudomonas、Cupriavidus和Bacillus等是可培养菌中的优势属。在属水平上,黑色石灰土中分离得到的菌株最多并以Arenimonas、Thermomonas、Achromobacter、Brevibacillus等作为优势特有属。具有固碳、固氮和解磷功能的细菌主要分布在岩溶石灰土演替的早期。【结论】基于母质碳酸盐岩特性,富含有机质的黑色石灰土在参与碳氮磷循环细菌的作用下形成。随着石灰土淋溶程度的增加,岩溶石灰土理化性质和可培养细菌多样性呈现降低的趋势。

Effect of Vegetation Succession on Organic Carbon,Carbon of Humus Acids and Dissolved Organic Carbon in Soils of Copper Mine Tailings Sites

Carbon of humus acids(HSAC) and dissolved organic carbon(DOC) are the most active forms of soil organic carbon(SOC) and play an important role in global carbon recycling. We investigated the concentrations of HSAC,water-soluble organic carbon(WSOC),hot water-extractable organic carbon(HWOC) and SOC in soils under different vegetation types of four copper mine tailings sites with differing vegetation succession time periods in Tongling,China. The concentrations of HSAC,WSOC,HWOC and SOC increased with vegetation succession. WSOC concentration increased with the accumulation of SOC in the tailings,and a linearly positive correlation existed between the concentrations of HSAC and SOC in the tailings. However,the percentages of HSAC and DOC in the SOC decreased during vegetation succession. The rate of SOC accumulation was higher when the succession time was longer than 20 years,whereas the speeds of soil organic matter(SOM) decomposition and humification were slow,and the concentrations of HSAC and DOC increased slowly in the tailings. The percentage of carbon of humic acid(HAC) in HSAC increased with vegetation succession,and the values of humification index(HI),HAC/carbon of fulvic acid,also increased with the accumulation of HSAC and SOC in soils of the tailings sites. However,the HI value in the each of the tailings was less than 0.50. The humification rate of SOM was lower than the accumulation rate of SOM,and the level of soil fertility was still very low in the tailings even after 40 years of natural restoration.

Bracken-induced increase in soil P availability, along with its high P acquisition efficiency, enables it to invade P-deficient meadows

Changes in soil chemistry after invasion by bracken(Pteridium aquilinum)have been studied in heathlands,but comparable studies in meadows are lacking.We investigated if bracken invasion into P-deficient meadows alters the soil nutrient-resource pool,as well as the mechanisms behind it linked to soil processes and bracken nutrition.Furthermore,we investigated how community composition responds to differences in soil chemistry before and after the invasion.Soil and plant material sampling,along with vegetation survey,were performed during bracken peak biomass.Data analyses included analysis of variance and canonical correspondence analysis(CCA).Bracken invasion increased soil P availability,soil organic C concentration,as well as C:N,C:S and N:S ratios,while decreasing Fe and Co concentrations.Bracken pinnae were rich in P,and its rhizomes were rich in K,whereas N:P of pinnae and rhizomes was low.CCA showed contrasting abundance patterns of frequent meadow species related to P and K availability.Holcus lanatus exhibited competitive advantage under extremely low P availability.Increase in P availability under bracken may have occurred through promoting the leaching of Fe and Al.By increasing P availability for its growth and increasing N limitation for other species,bracken can gain a competitive advantage from the soil resource-niche perspective.Its ability to increase soil P availability,along with the physiological mechanisms behind its high P acquisition efficiency,seem to differentiate bracken from other species of competitive ecological strategy,which are mainly confined to nutrient-rich environments.This enabled bracken to invade P-deficient meadows.