河北平原农田净灌溉耗水研究

农田灌溉是华北平原地下水资源消耗的主要途径,灌溉耗水研究对探讨区域灌溉效率、灌溉水平与规模具有重要参考价值。以河北平原为例,基于1981年-2010年河北省经济统计数据、常规气象数据及地下水位等数据,初步分析了河北平原近30年来农田净灌溉耗水及其与降水、气温、粮食产量、地下水位的关系。结果表明,近30年来,河北平原生产粮食约6亿t,净消耗的灌溉水约149.4×109 m3,农田净灌溉耗水引起地下水位下降约18m;河北平原农田净灌溉耗水与气温、地下水开采量、地下水埋深、粮食产量均呈较显著正相关关系,但与年降水量无明显相关性。为了合理利用华北平原地下水资源、减缓地下水位下降速度,进一步发展节水农业是促进该地区农业可持续发展的必由之路。

干旱区农业灌溉耗水计算方法

农业灌溉耗水研究是流域水文模拟与水资源评价、灌区规划与灌溉水管理的基础研究工作。从农业耗水的机理、三水转化关系入手,对农业灌溉耗水的概念进行了界定,并从流域与灌区2个尺度对计算方法进行探讨,提出了便于应用的计算方法及评价指标。

干暖化对黄河上游宁蒙灌区灌溉耗水量影响初析

利用黄河上游宁蒙灌区近 5 0年气温、降水资料 ,分析揭示了气候干暖化的趋势 ,根据气温、降水和灌溉面积与耗水量的关系 ,建立了气候因素和灌溉面积等其他因素与耗水量的关系式 ,计算分析了近 2

华北平原区域水资源特征与作物布局结构适应性研究

据野外调查、遥感和综合研究表明,近50年来华北平原粮食产量持续增加导致农业区地下水开采量不断增大,同时灌溉节水水平的不断提高有效地缓解了农业开采量增加的速率。在1977年之前,每增产10000t小麦和玉米,多年平均实际开采量增加0.14×108m3;在1978年以来,每增产10000t小麦和玉米,多年平均实际开采量增加0.04×108m3。以2001～2005年平均耗用地下水的开采强度(0.53m3/kg)计算,粮食增产促使地下水开采量平均每五年递增2.45×108m3/a,实际平均每五年少增加9.45×108m3/a。降水量减小,补给量变少,开采量增大;降水量增大,补给量较多,开采量减小。在连续枯(丰)水年份,当年降水量减少(增加)10%时,地下水系统水量减少7.98%(增加7.67%)。因此,需要大力发展抗旱节水作物及高产节水技术,合理调控农业种植结构,对于缓解研究区地下水不断恶化态势具有实质性促进作用。

Effects of Irrigation Quantity and Term on Waterconsumption and Yield of Winter Wheat by Wide Precision Sowing

[Objective] The aim was to research effects of irrigation quantity and term on winter wheat by wide precision sowing and to provide references and technical supports for water-saving agriculture in North China. [Methed] During 2013-2015, Jimai 22, a winter wheat cultivar, was taken as materials to explore effects of irrigation quantity and term on water consumption characters and yield of winter wheat by wide precision sowing. [Result] As irrigation water increased, water consumption and irrigation water＇s proportions were growing, but quantity and proportion of soil water consumption were both diminishing; seed yields all kept increasing upon irrigation, but water use efficiencies were decreasing. Given the same irrigation conditions, water consumption by wide precision sowing was more, but yield and water use efficiency were higher. [Conclusion] The practice of combining wide precision sowing and irrigation in jointing and flowering stages, based on yield, water use efficiency and economic profits, has the potential to create more yields and higher water use efficiency and suitable to be applied and promtoed in North China.

Effects of Different Irrigation Amounts on Water Consumption and Water Use Efficiency of Dripirrigated Celery

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different irrigation amounts on water consumption and water use efficiency of celery under the condition of drip irrigation, so as to provide a scientific basis for high-yielding, high-quality and highefficiency cultivation and water-saving irrigation of greenhouse celery. Total five irrigation amounts were designed, 117.5 （T1）, 160.0 （T2）, 202.5 （T3）, 245.0 （T4） and 287.5 （CK） mm/hm2, and the effects of different irrigation amounts on yield, water consumption and water use efficiency of celery were studied by plot experiment. The results showed that at the soil depth of 0-40 cm, the soil water storages of different treatments ranked as T3＇s〉T4＇s〉CK＇s〉T2＇s〉T1＇s, and the celery water consumptions ranked as CK＇s〉T4＇s〉T3＇s〉T2＇s〉T1＇s. At the same time, the soil water storage in different treatment group declined with the growth of celery, and finally increased at the harvest period. Among different irrigation amounts, the water use effi- ciency and irrigation water use efficiency all ranked as T1＇s〉T2＇s〉T3＇s〉T4＇s〉CK＇s. The water consumption of celery was positively related to irrigation amount （P〈 0.01）, and was negatively related to water use efficiency （P〈0.01） and irrigation water use efficiency （P〈0.05）. When the irrigation amount was below 253 mm/hm2, the celery yield was positively related to irrigation amount （P〈0.01）. There was also a positive correlation between celery output and irrigation amount. Compared with those of CK, the benefit of the T4 treatment group was equal, and the water consumption was reduced by 14.78%. In high-efficiency solar greenhouse, the irrigation amount of drip-irrigated celery is recommended as 245 mm/hm2.

Effects of Planting and Irrigation Patterns on Water Consumption Characteristics and Dry Matter Production in Winter Wheat

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of different planting and irrigation patterns on water consumption characteristics and dry matter produc- tion and allocation of winter wheat. [Method] With high-yield winter wheat cultivar Jimai 22 as the experimental material, field experiment was conducted during 2008- 2010. A total of 3 planting patterns were designed, uniform row, wide-narrow row and furrow. Under each planting pattern, total four irrigation patterns were designed, no irrigation （Wo）, irrigation at jointing state （Wl）, irrigation at jointing and anthesis stages （W2） and irrigation at jointing, anthesis and milking stages （W3）, and the irri- gation amount per treatment was all 60 mm. [Result] Under the three planting pat- terns, with the increased irrigation amount, the total water consumption of the exper- imental field increased; the proportion of irrigation in the total water consumption in- creased, and that of soil water consumption in the total water consumption de- creased significantly. Compared with W0 treatment, various irrigation treatments sig- nificantly increased the post-anthesis dry matter accumulation in wheat plants; with the increased irrigation amount, the grain yield under the three planting patterns all increased, while the water use efficiency （WUE） decreased. Under the same irriga- tion conditions, compared with other two planting patterns, furrow planting increased the total water consumption of the experimental field, increased the proportion of soil water consumption in the total water consumption, and improved the WUE and wheat grain yield. [Conclusion] Under the experimental conditions, considering both wheat grain yield and WUE, furrow planting with moderately deficit irrigation at joint- ing and anthesis stages is more suitable for the winter wheat production in North China Plain.

Regional Land Use Patterns and Water Consumption in the Jordan Valley Using Geographic Information Systems

Trends in land use and water consumption are crucial components in understanding the changing nature of agricultural production and water use in- the Northern Jordan Valley. The objective of this study is to examine current agricultural land uses in the Jordan Valley and their water consumption patterns as well as to examine the changes in land use and water consumption that occurred between the years 2002 and 2010. Farm level cropping patterns and total annual water use were analysed in order to examine inter-basin land use and water consumption characteristics as well as to estimate the amount of water consumed by each respective crop in total and per unit of land devoted to its production. It was found that citrus production dominated both land and water usage in every basin of the Northern Jordan Valley and that between 2002 and 2010 there were shifts toward increasing citrus production in almost every basin surveyed. It was found that agricultural irrigation water usage decreased overall between 2002 and 2010 by approximately 15 percent and irrigated land usage in the Jordan Valley increased by 5 percent. The role of citrus farming is becoming more important in the Jordan Valley as Jordan＇s agricultural economy shifts away from subsistence farming for staple food crops like wheat and vegetables toward more financially lucrative crops grown for an increasingly international market. This trend is at least partly due to the increasing cost of agricultural irrigation water from Jordan＇s national canal system.