从新闻心理学视角看王菊事件背后的社会心态

由腾讯视频出品的女团选秀节目《创造101》中原本表现平平的选手王菊,在2018年5月26日左右突然爆红于网络,引起了多方媒体的关注。本文旨在通过访谈法和观察法,从社会认知、社会价值观和社会行为意向的角度,去解读该社会热点事件背后的社会心态。

黑碳在全球气候和环境系统中的作用及其在相关研究中的意义

燃烧形成的黑碳粒子进入大气中可影响辐射平衡,导致全球气候变暖,其沉降在河流、湖泊、海洋、土壤等环境中对全球生物地球化学循环起到重要的作用,成为当前国际地球科学研究的热点问题。综述了黑碳的定义及排放、沉降、降解过程,并总结了其在现在及过去环境和气候系统中的重要作用与研究意义。黑碳是全球惰性有机碳库的重要组成部分,在全球慢速碳循环中发挥潜在作用。因其具有很强的吸光特性,它在区域气候变暖过程中扮演重要角色。沉降在不同地质载体中的黑碳难以降解,可以保存几百万年,为地质历史时期古气候和古环境重建研究提供重要信息。海洋沉积物过去数百万年的黑碳记录指示了天然火的演化信息,晚第四纪黄土剖面黑碳也指示了天然火的变化信息,最近千年的湖泊和冰芯黑碳记录既反映了天然火的信息,也指示人类活动的信号。未来黑碳研究应进一步关注标准测量方法,以真正理解黑碳在全球气候与环境系统中的作用。

The first meteorological observations at a tropical high elevation site:Antisana,1846

Antisana is a stratovolcano with an associated glacier located in the Ecuadorian Andes. Dr Aguirre made meteorological readings every day, at every hour from sunrise to sunset, from December 1845 to December 1846, at Antisana using a meteorological station at 4060 mamsl （meters above mean sea level）. Unfortunately, only the monthly average data have been preserved. These meteorological data are here studied and compared with the closest modern stations for monthly values of temperature, rainfall, and pressure. According to these comparisons, the year 1846 was rainy and cold in comparison with the current climate. Moreover, these observations have been useful to help resolve a debate about a possible E1Nifio event in 1846 with the high precipitation in Antisana and Quito in 1846 discarding the occurrence of an E1 Nifio event. The probable occurrence of a La Nifia event is discussed. These data are the earliest known systematic instrumental meteorological observations taken at above 4000 mamsl.

全新世以来长白山区孤山屯泥炭地炭屑记录与古火演化历史

长白山拥有亚洲目前保存较为完好的温带山地森林生态系统,由于近年来无火事件发生而积累了大量可燃物,火灾隐患逐年增加,重建古火历史找出火事件发生规律有助于现代火灾的有效防控。本文以长白山区孤山屯泥炭剖面的68个样品为研究载体,选取炭屑作为主要指标反演了长白山全新世以来的火事件演化历史;并结合前人利用孢粉、植硅体等代用指标重建的古环境、古气候特征,分析了火事件的成因机制。在11 686-10 883 cal aBP、7 336-2 624 cal aBP、2 624-1 189 cal aBP,炭屑浓度较高,古火事件发生频繁,强度较大;在10 883-7 336 cal aBP、1 189 cal aBP至今,炭屑浓度较低,古火事件发生频率较小,强度相对较弱。气候和植被对于火事件的影响贯穿了整个全新世时期,火事件多发生在寒冷干燥气候时期且以区域性火事件为主;近千年以来,人类活动与火山喷发对火事件的影响显著,局域性火事件比例逐渐增多。

泥炭地炭屑研究进展

泥炭地炭屑记录作为火演化的代用指标已经被广泛认可,可以用于反演历史时期火事件。综述了国内外利用泥炭地炭屑记录进行火事件以及人类活动效应研究的进展;总结了泥炭地炭屑作为火事件代用指标的独特优势,指出泥炭是探讨气候变化、植被类型与人类活动之间关系的良好载体;针对目前泥炭地炭屑研究存在的问题,结合国内外研究现状,对今后泥炭地炭屑研究进行了展望。

Holocene vegetation change in relation to fire and volcanic events in Jilin, Northeastern China

Volatiles erupted from large-scale explosive volcanic activities have a significant impact on climate and environmental changes.As an important ecological factor,the occurrence of fire is affected by vegetation cover,and fire can feed back into both vegetation and climatic change.The causes of fire events are diverse;and can include volcanic eruptions.The amount of charcoal in sediment sequences is related to the frequency and intensity of fire,and hence under good preservation conditions fire history can be reconstructed from fossil charcoal abundance.Until now,little research on the role of fire has been carried out in northeastern China.In this study,through research on charcoal and tephra shards from Gushantun and Hanlongwan,Holocene vegetation change in relation to fire and volcanic events in Jilin,Northeastern China,was investigated.Where tephra shards are present in Gushantun it is associated with low level of both conifers and broadleaved trees,and is also associated with a pronounced charcoal peak.This suggests forest cover was greatly reduced from a fire caused by an eruption of the Tianchi volcano.We also detected one tephra layer in Hanlongwan,which also has the almost same depth with low level forest pollen values and one charcoal peak.This was caused probably by an eruption of the Jinlongdingzi volcano.

Research on single event transient pulse quenching effect in 90 nm CMOS technology

Since single event transient pulse quenching can reduce the SET(single event transient) pulsewidths effectively,the charge collected by passive device should be maximized in order to minimize the propagated SET.From the perspective of the layout and circuit design,the SET pulsewidths can be greatly inhibited by minimizing the layout spacing and signal propagation delay,which sheds new light on the radiation-hardened ICs(integrated circuits) design.Studies show that the SET pulsewidths of propagation are not in direct proportion to the LET(linear energy transfer) of incident particles,thus the defining of the LET threshold should be noted when SET/SEU(single event upset) occurs for the radiation-hardened design.The capability of anti-radiation meets the demand when LET is high but some soft errors may occur when LET is low.Therefore,radiation experiments should be focused on evaluating the LET that demonstrates the worst response to the circuit.

Analysis of process variations impact on the single-event transient quenching in 65 nm CMOS combinational circuits

Single-event transient pulse quenching （Quenching effect） is employed to effectively mitigate WSET （SET pulse width）. It en- hanced along with the increased charge sharing which is norm for future advanced technologies. As technology scales, param- eter variation is another serious issue that significantly affects circuit＇s performance and single-event response. Monte Carlo simulations combined with TCAD （Technology Computer-Aided Design） simulations are conducted on a six-stage inverter chain to identify and quantify the impact of charge sharing and parameter variation on pulse quenching. Studies show that charge sharing induce a wider WSET spread range. The difference of WSET range between no quenching and quenching is smaller in NMOS （N-Channel Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor） simulation than that in PMOS＇ （P-Channel Met- N-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor）, so that from parameter variation view, quenching is beneficial in PMOS SET mitigation. The individual parameter analysis indicates that gate oxide thickness （TOXE） and channel length variation （XL） mostly affect SET response of combinational circuits. They bring 14.58% and 19.73% average WSET difference probabilities for no-quenching cases, and 105.56% and 123.32% for quenching cases.

Factors controlling the nitrate in the DT-401 ice core in eastern Antarctica

Nitrate,an oxidized product of NO x preserved in the polar ice cores,has often been used to estimate past changes of the atmospheric nitrogen cycle.A 102.65 m ice core drilled at DT-401(79°01'S,77°00'E) in 1999 provides an opportunity to investigate the possible influencing factors for the nitrate budget in the eastern Antarctica.We studied the relationship between the δ18O(representing the temperature),accumulation rate,volcanic deposition and the astronomical factors(such as the solar activities,supernovae,etc.),and the nitrate variation along the whole duration(2680-year) of the ice core.Prominent impacts of the accumulation rate acting on the nitrate flux rather than the concentration were detected.However,no significant correlation was found between the δ18O and the nitrate deposition characteristics(concentration and the flux variations).Volcanic deposition can significantly affect the deposition of nitrate with a decreasing trend accompanied by the nss-SO42(volcanic signal) peak values.Impacts of the solar activities on the nitrate deposition can be detected at this site,and three prominent periodicities(16.6,24.0 and 102.0 yr) were found for the nitrate concentration variations.Six climatic events(Dalton Minimum,Maunder Minimum,Sporer Minimum,Wolf Minimum,Oort Minimum and Medieval Maximum) during the past 1150 years were observed with lower nitrate values for the foregoing five events and higher value for the last one.