失火烧林罪难逃

3月8日，安化县清塘铺镇洞天村“凉水井”发生一起森林火灾，经当地干部群众奋力扑救，大火于当晚10时许扑灭。该起山火被烧毁的山林牵涉到洞天、红岩两村100多户村民的利益。如今付之一炬，不少群众痛心疾首。强烈要求严惩火灾肇事者。县森林公安机关随即开展调查走访，锁定姚某（男．现年62岁）有重大失火嫌疑。

青藏高原东北边缘云-冷杉林火烧迹地灌木群落种群生态位特征

[目的]揭示青藏高原东北边缘云-冷杉林不同年限火烧迹地灌木群落种群生态位特征。[方法]以空间代替时间方法,采用Levins和Shannon Wiener生态位宽度指数、Pianka和Schoener生态位重叠指数计算种群生态位宽度和生态位重叠程度,并划分群落特化种和泛化种。[结果]火烧迹地和未过火林地灌木物种Levins和Shannon Wiener生态位宽度指数结果基本一致,同一物种在火烧迹地和未过火林地的生态位宽度存在差异。5 a火烧迹地有3个特化种;15 a火烧迹地有2个特化种和1个泛化种;未过火林地有1个特化种。种间生态位重叠严重的种对数占比为15 a火烧迹地>5 a火烧迹地>未过火林地;生态位重叠一般的种对数占比为5 a火烧迹地>15 a火烧迹地>未过火林地;生态位重叠较小的种对数占比为未过火林地>15 a火烧迹地>5 a火烧迹地。[结论]青藏高原东北边缘云-冷杉林经过重度火干扰后,不同年限火烧迹地灌木群落种间生态位重叠程度正在不断地发生变化,而未过火林地林下灌木层种间生态位重叠程度则保持一个相对较低的状态,火烧迹地灌木群落正处于正向演替阶段。

青藏高原东北边缘云杉-冷杉林火烧迹地的灌木群落特征

【目的】探究青藏高原东北边缘云杉-冷杉林火烧迹地植被恢复与重建过程中的灌木群落特征动态,阐明火烧迹地灌木群落多样性格局和维持机制的生态过程,为在火烧迹地恢复与重建过程中对植被进行合理干预、尽快恢复生态效益提供合理依据。【方法】以空间代时间方法,分析恢复5年和15年火烧迹地灌木群落和未过火林地林下灌木层物种组成特征、α物种多样性和β物种多样性。【结果】在5年、15年火烧迹地灌木群落与未过火林地林下灌木层之间,植物种类组成存在差异,5年火烧迹地共调查到11科17属24种,15年火烧迹地共调查到8科10属17种,未过火林地共调查到12科19属35种。5年、15年火烧迹地和未过火林地的物种丰富度指数与Pielou均匀度指数,以及5年火烧迹地的物种丰富度指数与Simpson指数、物种丰富度指数与Shannon-Wiener指数的相关性均不强(P<0.1或P>0.1),其他指数间的相关性均较强(P<0.001或P<0.01)。物种丰富度指数为5年火烧迹地>15年火烧迹地>未过火林地,Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数均为15年火烧迹地>未过火林地>5年火烧迹地,Pielou均匀度指数为15年火烧迹地>未过火林地>5年火烧迹地。5年、15年火烧迹地灌木群落的物种组成最相似,未过火林地林下灌木层物种组成和15年火烧迹地灌木群落的相似度大于5年火烧迹地。【结论】青藏高原东北边缘云杉-冷杉林经重度林火干扰后,在不同恢复时间梯度上的物种组成存在差异。火后短时间内局部生境范围内物种丰富度增加,火烧迹地的物种多样性和优势度较低,物种分布不均匀。随着演替进行,物种丰富度减小,物种多样性和优势度上升,物种分布较均匀。随着火烧迹地演替正常进行,火烧迹地与未过火林地物种组成相似度增加,火烧迹地灌木群落朝着正向演替。

大兴安岭北部火烧迹地人工更新造林鼠害调查报告

黑龙江省大兴安岭北部的塔河、阿木尔、图强和西林吉4个林业局地处北纬52°30′—54°51′,东经121°51′—125°5′之间,属大兴安岭寒温带明亮针叶林区,寒温带大陆性气候。气候严寒干燥,动植物组成种类贫乏。

飞机探测森林火灾的效率及经济效益

前言围绕着飞机探测的效率和经济效益问题,多年来国内外的森林防火专家和防火机构一直进行着不懈的努力与探讨。过去的20年中,北美国家的一些防火机构曾采用过多种方法试图用来估测飞机探测的效率与经济效益。

“绿化”的译法及其他——谈“……化”的汉译

如果有人问汉语的“绿化”如何译成英语,恐怕十之八九首先会想到,“afforestation”。其实,这并没有完全解决问题。细想一下,afforestation是植树造林,如果是绿化荒山,绿化河滩,这afforestation大致还可以用得着。但是,如果要绿化市区,绿化校园,绿化厂区,这affor-estation就不能解决问题了,因为这时所谓绿化,不光是种树,而且还包括种花种草,况且,即使种树,也未必可以达到成林的规模,因此,得另找译法,才能达意。

Research advance in forest restoration on the burned blanks

How to restore the destroyed forest after forest fire is a key question that man must face. This paper reviewed the research situation and history on the forest restoration burned blanks and summed up the research methods used into four scales: seed-bank scale, community scale, ecosystem scale and landscape scale. The new technologies such as GIS & Remote Sensing used to vegetation restoration were also summarized. The strategies and developing trend of vegetation restoration research on burned blanks were discussed.

Landscape change on burned blanks in Daxing'an Mountains

Daxing抋n Mountains was one of the most important forest areas in China, but it was also an area which was prone to suffering forest fire. The catastrophic forest fire that occurred in Daxing抋n Mountains on May 6, 1987 devastated more than 1.33?06 hm2 of natural forests, which leaded to the formation of some mosaic areas with different burn intensities. Two forest farms of Tuqiang Forest Bureau (124?5-122?8E, 53?4-52?5N) were chosen as a typical area to analyze the post-fire landscape change by drawing and comparing the two digital forest stand maps of 1987 and 2000. The landscape lands of forest were classi-fied into 12 types: coniferous forest, broadleaf forest, needle-broadleaf mixed forest, shrub, nursery, harvested area, burned blanks, agricultural land, swamp, water, built-up, grass. The results showed that: 1) The burned blanks was almost restored, some of them mainly converted into broadleaf forest land during the process of natural restoration, and coniferous forest land by the artificial re-forestation, and the others almost changed into swamp or grass land; 2) The proportion of forest area increased from 47.6% in 1987 to 81.3% in 2002. Therefore, a few management countermeasures, such as the enhancing peoples consciousness of fire-proofing and constructing species diversity, were put forward for forest sustainable development.

移风易俗 提前烧灰积肥

千百年来,我州广大山区耕作比较粗放,多数农户沿袭上山烧灰积肥的传统习惯,把铲草皮烧火土作为农作物增产的重要肥源。每年因春耕野外农事活动用火引起森林火灾的次数占80%以上。如何管理控制春耕生产千家万户上山烧灰积肥用火,是我州森林防火工作多年来迫切需要解决的重要课题。虽然采取行政干预、武装巡逻、经济处罚和法律制裁等综合措施进行监控,但始终未能很好解决群众性习惯用火和森林防火的矛盾。89年冬,我州西畴县莲花塘乡引导农民移风易俗,把每年春耕大忙季节上山烧灰积肥的农事活动用火提前在春节前安全期内进行,既满足了林区农民传统使用火土作肥料的要求,又因安全期用火不易引起森株火灾。

Structure changes and succession dynamic of the natural secondary forest after severe fire interference

The structure and dynamic succession law of natural secondary forest after severe fire interference in recent 20 years were studied by adopting the method of deducing time series from the spatial sequence of vegetation in Heihe region, Heilongjiang, China. Two typical and widely distributed forest types in the study area, namely forest type A and forest type B, were selected as study subjects. Forest type A is pure broadleaf forest or broadleaf mixed forest mainly composing of superior Betula platyphylla and Populus davidiana in the area with gradient 〈25°, while forest type B is pure forest or mixed forest composing of superior Quercus mongolica and Betula davurica in the area with gradient 〉25°. Species richness, vegetation coverage, important value, and similarity index of commtmity in different layers （Herb, shrub, small tree, and arbor layers） were investigated and analyzed for the two typical forests. The results show that after fire interference, the species richness and coverage in each layer in forest type A were higher than that in forest type B. Both for forest type A and B, with elapse of post-fire years, the species richness and coverage of herbs and shrubs showed a decline tendency, while those of arbor layer present a rising tendency. Through comparison of the important values of species in each layer and analysis of community structure changes, the dynamic process of post-fire vegetation succession for forest type A and B was separately determined. Post-fire 80 years＇ succession tendency of forest type A is B. platyphylla and Larix gmelinii mixed forest. Its shrub layer is mainly composed of Corylus heterophylla and Vaccinium uliginosum, and herb layer is dominated by Carex tristachya, Athyrium multidentatum, and Pyrola incarnate; whereas, the post-fire 80 years＇ succession of forest type B is Q. mongolica and B. davurica mixed forest. Its shrub layer is mainly composed of lespedeza bicolar and corylus heterophylla and herb layer is dominated by Carex tristachya, Asparagus densiflorus, and Hemerocallis minor.

Crown Fuel Characteristics and Carbon Emission from Japanese Red Pine Stands Burned by Crown Fire in Mt. Palgong, South Korea

Carbon emissions from forest fires are considered an important factor of ecosystem carbon balance and global climate change. Carbon emissions from Japanese red pine stands （Pinus densiflora S. et Z.） burned by crown fire were estimated at Mt. Palgong in Daegu Metropolitan City, and crown fuel characteristics, including crown bulk density, crown base height, and fuel moisture content of Japanese red pine, were analyzed. Total biomass combusted was calculated by subtracting the biomass of burned stands from that of unburned stands exhibiting similar stand structures and site environments. Ten trees in the unburned area and five trees in the burned area were cut by using direct harvesting techniques to estimate crown layer biomass. All biomass sampled was oven-dried and weighed. The dry weight ratios of stems, branches, and needles were 7o%, 21%, and 9%, respectively. The available fuel load susceptible to combustion during the crown fire spread was equivalent to 55% of the crown layer biomass. The crown bulk density was 0.24 kg/m3 on average. The estimated amount of CO2 was 23,454 kg CO2/ha for the crown layer. These results will be useful for calculating the amount of CO2 emitted from forest fires and for developing a forest carbon model in P. densiflora forests.

An Insight into Spatial-Temporal Trends of Fire Ignitions and Burned Areas in the European Mediterranean Countries

This paper presents an analysis of the fire trends in southern European countries, where forest fires are a major hazard. Data on number of fires and burned area size from 1985 until 2009 were retrieved from the European Fire Database in the European Forest Fire Information System and used to study the temporal and spatial variability of fire occurrence at three different spatial scales： the whole European Mediterranean region, country level and province level （NUTS3）. The temporal trends were assessed with the Mann-Kendall test and Sen＇s slope in the period 1985-2009. At regional （supranational） level, our results suggest a significant decreasing trend in the burned area for the whole study period. At country level, the trends vary by country, although there is a general increase in number of fires, mainly in Portugal, and a decrease in bumed areas, as is the case of Spain. A similar behavior was found at NUTS3 level, with an increase of number of fires in the Spanish and Portuguese provinces and a generalized decrease of the burned area in most provinces of the region. These results provide an important insight into the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of fires, a crucial step to investigate the underlying causes and impacts of fire occurrence in this region.

Fire temperature and residence time during dry season burning in a Sudanian savanna-woodland of West Africa with implication for seed germination

Prescribed fire is used in the Sudanian savanna-woodland of West Africa as a forest management tool. An experiment was carried out to assess the effects of season of burning, and different vertical probe positions on maximum fire temperature and temperature residence time above 60℃ which is considered lethal for plant tissues. Seasons of burning considered were： an early season fire set at the beginning of the dry season （beginning of December）, mid-season fire set at the peak of the dry season （mid-January）, and a late season fire at the end of the dry season （end of March）. The effects of these fires on the germination of buried seeds of three socio-economically valuable tree species were also examined. Results indicated significant differences in maximum fire temperature and residence time with respect to season of burning and vertical probe position （p 〈 0.001）. The highest and longest lasting temperatures were observed at 20 cm above ground during early fire and at the soil surface during mid-season and late fires. This, in turn, affected germination responses of seeds buried at different soil depths. Implications of these findings in the current management practices are discussed.

爱国爱山爱林的王理守道长

雷神山道长王理守坚持多年义务植树护林,营护国家林地800多亩,彻底制止了滥砍乱伐,使昔日满目疮痍的雷神山披上绿装。历史名山雷神山位于宝鸡市西部山区。山上生长着柏、橡、漆、杨等树木800多亩。多年来,国营林场每年拿出600多元,雇四名半脱产护林员巡出,但毁林事件屡禁不止,800亩山林几近荒废。1988年春,王理守云游雷神山,看见山顶的千年古柏伤痕累累,成群的牛羊在林中闯荡,被滥砍过的树茬布满山坡,酷爱祖国山水林木的王道长伤心地流下眼泪,他决心住在这里,守住这一方草木。作为一个道人。

四十年间[续]——文学回忆之二

[一]王治平的信雷加: 亲爱的,或许是敬爱的雷加。请恕我无礼,竟该怎样称呼您都不知道了。我叫王治平:出身是一个"莫须有"富农第三代的普通农民家庭。今年二十四岁,由于社会的排挤,今天我还生活在社会的最基层。然而,今天我要向你直胸坦白的向你表一表我看你《火烧林》后,我的一颗诚挚的心。《人民文学》七期的散文栏里刊载了一篇题为《火烧林》的作品。

雷加百年诞辰纪念座谈会在京举行

2015年1月28日,由中国作家协会主办的雷加百年诞辰纪念座谈会在京举行。雷加（1915-2009）生于辽宁安东,是“东北作家群”主要代表人物之一,曾任北京作协副主席、名誉主席。1939年在延安《文艺战线》《文艺阵地》等刊物发表小说,开始文学创作。著有《水塔》《男英雄和女英雄》《我们的节日》《潜力》《火烧林》等小说、散文作品。作协领导、文学研究者及雷加的亲属80余人参加了座谈会。

生活如此多采

一我忽然想到生命和生活的关系。每个人的生命和它的生活相连系,又不必然相同。我又想到生命的起点。生命有起点,生活的起点又在哪里呢?什么叫生活起点,它对生命又有着何等意义。显然,反证是明显的,白痴和植物人可以说明它的关系:他们有生命,却无生活的光采。

翠绿的杉苗

天麻麻亮,孙老头推开门,望望天,纷纷细雨,如牛毛。踅身,取下墙上的斗笠。路上,心里总不踏实,事情能办成么?烈血寨到县城,花了两个时辰。毕竟六十开外的人了。问了几个人,才找到县林业局。踏进大门,碰上了曾经在他的村子蹲点的陈海。陈海抓住了孙老头的手:"孙大伯,进城来了?"

Extreme fire weather is the major driver of severe bushfires in southeast Australia

In Australia,the proportion of forest area that burns in a typical fire season is less than for other vegetation types.However,the 2019-2020 austral spring-summer was an exception,with over four times the previous maximum area burnt in southeast Australian temperate forests.Temperate forest fires have extensive socio-economic,human health,greenhouse gas emissions,and biodiversity impacts due to high fire intensities.A robust model that identifies driving factors of forest fires and relates impact thresholds to fire activity at regional scales would help land managers and fire-fighting agencies prepare for potentially hazardous fire in Australia.Here,we developed a machine-learning diagnostic model to quantify nonlinear relationships between monthly burnt area and biophysical factors in southeast Australian forests for 2001-2020 on a 0.25°grid based on several biophysical parameters,notably fire weather and vegetation productivity.Our model explained over 80%of the variation in the burnt area.We identified that burnt area dynamics in southeast Australian forest were primarily controlled by extreme fire weather,which mainly linked to fluctuations in the Southern Annular Mode(SAM)and Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD),with a relatively smaller contribution from the central Pacific El Niño Southern Oscillation(ENSO).Our fire diagnostic model and the non-linear relationships between burnt area and environmental covariates can provide useful guidance to decision-makers who manage preparations for an upcoming fire season,and model developers working on improved early warning systems for forest fires.