不同修复方法改善因固定不良引起细胞核灰染的比较

目的探索不同修复方法对改善因固定不良导致苏木精-伊红(HE)染色细胞核灰染的效果,提高HE染色质量。方法收集7例因固定不良导致HE染色细胞核灰染的胃肠镜活检小组织,重新切片,用磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)高温高压、水煮,柠檬酸盐修复液高温高压、水煮以及乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)抗原修复液高温高压、水煮6种方法修复后行HE染色,以此设为对照,比较各种方法的染色效果。结果6种方法都可以改善细胞核灰染的问题,同时使组织中幽门螺杆菌更易于观察,以PBS缓冲液和柠檬酸盐修复液高温高压修复效果较好,EDTA抗原修复液高温高压和水煮都有细胞核挤压变形,胞质被破坏的现象。结论PBS缓冲液和柠檬酸盐修复液高温高压都可以较好地改善细胞核灰染问题,并使幽门螺杆菌更易于观察。

HE染色细胞核灰染的处理方法比较研究

目的探讨HE染色细胞核灰染的处理方法,提高HE染色质量。方法收集10例HE染色发灰的胃粘膜、肠息肉和子宫内膜等不同类型的组织,重新切片,通过调整苏木素染色条件以及染色前对组织进行修复处理,设对照组,比较各种处理方法的染色效果。结果通过延长时间、水浴加热和微波加热等调整苏木素染色条件的方法以及水煮修复处理法能够不同程度地促进核染色,但灰染现象未能彻底解决。PBS、EDTA、柠檬酸分别采用高压和微波修复处理均能较好地改善HE染色细胞核灰染现象,以PBS微波处理法效果最佳。结论 PBS微波处理法是HE染色细胞核灰染现象的一种有效处理方法。

一种处理HE染色细胞核灰染的新方法

HE染色是病理形态学诊断最常用的方法。一张优质的HE染色切片是正确诊断的前提,其细胞核和细胞质的对比染色必须是清晰的。而在日常外检制片过程中由于一些人为因素的影响,HE切片偶尔会出现细胞核发灰的现象,即组织结构模糊不清,细胞核淡染,甚至核内见不到染色质等。这种HE切片使病理诊断困难或误诊。

骨髓活检HE染色时细胞核灰染的处理方法比较

目的探讨骨髓穿刺活检组织在HE染色时细胞核灰染的处理方法,以提高染色质量。方法收集HE染色时骨髓穿刺活检组织中细胞核灰染的病例15例,每例重新切片,通过延长苏木素染色时间、高压修复、微波修复及氨水浸泡等4种不同的处理方法,设对照组,比较各种处理方法的染色效果。结果高压法、微波法和氨水法均能明显改善骨髓腔内各细胞核的灰染现象,但高压法易使骨小梁脱片,微波法处理时间较长,氨水法既能保持组织结构的完整性,又用时较短。延长时间法改善细胞核灰染的效果不及前三种方法。结论氨水法是处理骨髓穿刺活检组织在HE染色时细胞核灰染的一种有效的方法,且操作简单、快速。

H-E染色切片灰染修复方法的比较

组织切片在常规 H-E 染色中,有时会出现染色模糊不清（灰染）的现象,这给切片的判读造成困难.这一问题的形成原因及补救方法,有过文献报道但效果各异[1-3].本研究采用几种不同的方法对灰染的组织切片进行补救并比较了各自的效果,现介绍如下.

HE切片染色中灰染现象的发生与防范

一张优质的HE切片按全国统一评定标准为:切片完整、厚度4～6μm、厚薄均匀、无皱无刀痕、染色核浆分明,红蓝适度、透明洁净、封裱美观.在实际工作中,某一环节稍不注意往往会出现这样那样的缺点.

中国民间灰染与剪纸技艺在织物显花技艺中的应用

中国历史上在布艺中显示纹饰图案的方法很多,有夹染、扎染、蜡染、灰染和各种刺绣,其中灰染在民间使用普遍,流传甚广,但文字记载很少。灰染也叫刮浆染,除产蜡的山区外,全国大部分平原丘陵地带,像沿渤、黄海的长江以北,黄河中下游流域的大部分地区都使用灰染。在自给自足,商品经济不发达的旧中国,取材方便的灰染是比其他印染方法更加先进的一种古老工艺,它与剪纸工艺结合运用后,与其他显示图案的印染技术相比,具有省时、省力,艺术性、实用性强,操作简单,成本低,见效快,可以作坊式批量生产等优点,得到民间广泛应用,很值得挖掘和研究。

怎样制作一张优质的HE切片

制作一张优质的HE切片，关系到临床病理诊断及教学，科研的成败。优质HE切片包括五个方面，其中染色鲜艳，对比清晰是最主要的，而切片的灰染现象正与其相反。笔者对切片染色前及染色中的10个方面作了原因分析，并提出了要应的防范措施。

Research on flue gas desulphurization with two sorbents by water spray in activated reactor

The experimental results of flue gas desulphurization with caustic lime andhydrated lime activated by water spraying in a desulphurization reactor are presented. The effectsof Ca/S molar ratio, approach to saturation of flue gas, SO_2 concentration and gas velocity onsulfur retention efficiency and calcium utilization rate are investigated. Desulphurizationcharacteristics of the two sorbents are compared. The mechanism of improving desulphurizationefficiency by water spraying is analyzed. The results show that the activities of two sorbents areimproved obviously by humidification with water spray and the caustic lime has better applicationprospect because of cheaper cost.

Characterization of Dust and Non-dust Aerosols with SEM/EDX

Total suspended particulate （TSP） samples were collected at three sites along the coast of Qingdao, China, before and during a major dust storm in March, 2002. For comparison, PM10（particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 10μm） samples were collected at one of the three sites. The morphological observation and compositional analysis of bulk and individual particles were performed by using scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray system （SEM/EDX） for the TSP and PM10 samples. The results showed that the particles of different kinds of morphology had different elemental compositions, but the particles of similar morphology did not always have the same elemental composition for non-dust samples. The morphology and composition of non-dust particles were different at different sites. The fractal and spherical particles existed mainly in the coarse fraction for non-dust samples, while in the fine mode （〈 10μm） there were floccules formed by fine particles flocking together and containing crustal elements. Compared with the non-dust particles, the dust particles were more homogeneous in terms of morphology, particle size and composition. Particles with irregular shapes and well-distributed sizes dominated in the dust samples, containing crustal elements such as Mg, A1, Si, Ca, Fe, etc. The high sulfur content indicated that homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions took place on the surfaces of the dust particles in the specific environment of Qingdao.

The influence of land use change on karst water quality of Shuicheng Basin in Guizhou Province

The influence of land use and land cover on ecological environment is a focus of global change research. The paper chooses an industrial city-Shuicheng in Guizhou Province-as a study area because the karst water quality around the city is deteriorating with land use and land cover change. The natural susceptibility of karst water system is an important factor leading to karst water pollution. But land use and land cover change is also a main factor according to the chemical analysis of karst water quality and land use change. So it is a good way to protect karst water through rational planning and managing of land use and land cover.

Heavy Metals in Dust Deposition in the Vicinity of Coal Ash Disposal Site Divkovici Ⅱ

DD （Dust deposition） was monitored over a 6-month period （April to September, 2011） at four sites located in villages near CADDⅡ（coal ash disposal site Divkovici Ⅱ）, one inside recultivated CADDⅠ （coal ash disposal site Divkovici Ⅰ） and at one in the middle of forest barrier as control site. The main aim of this paper is to perform monitoring of air dust pollution in the area by measuring of dust deposition, different metals associated with it, and probable adverse effects on human health. Concentrations of metals were measured by using Perkin-Elmer model Inductively Coupled Plasma and statistically evaluated with SPSS 17.0 statistical program. There was a correlation between some metals （Mn, Mo and Pb） and DD distribution. The daily limit values for concentration of DD proposed by national ＂Regulations on air quality＂ （200 mg/m^2d average annual value and 350 mg/m^2d high value） exceed at three measuring sites. The average maximum content of DD was 684.8 mg/m^2d downwind of CADDII, and the average minimum was 46.8 mg/m^2d at measuring site F. Concentrations of pollutants hazardous to the environment as Ni, Cr, Cu, Mo, Mn and Pb vary from one site to another.

Dyeing and printing wastewater treatment using fly-ash coated with chitosan

Printing and dyeing industry is a considerable source of environmental contamination. In this study treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater with a new type of sewage treatment agent, fly-ash coated with chitosan particles （FCCP）, was examined. The effects ofpH, stirring time, sedimentation time and temperature on color, COD, turbidity and NH3-N removal were determined. The optimum dosage of FCCP and the influence of individual factors on removal efficiency were tested. The optimum parameters determined using the L16 （45） orthogonal experiment were as follows： FCCP （weight ratio of chitosan to fly-ash 1：6） dosage, 4 g.L^-1; temperature, 35℃; pH, 4. The stirring time and sedimentation time were 20 min and 5 h, respectively. Under these optimum conditions, the color, COD and NH3-N removal ratios were 97%, 80% and 75%, respectively.

An air cleaner for road tunnels

an air cleaner employing pulse induced plasma chemical process to remove dust and carbon monoxide (CO) in road tunnels is presented, which is composed of mainly a precipitator, a reactor, a flow control system, a power supply and a measurement system. Its performances are studied in simulated air conditions. It is found that the rate of dust removal is dependent on the voltage of the pulse power, the distance between the two dust collecting plates of the electrostatic precipitator, the effective length of the precipitator and the air flow rate in the precipitator, and that of CO removal is affected by the voltage and frequency of the super pulse power, the air flow rate in the reactor and the relative humidity of air. Applying such an cleaner of a proper design to the treatment of polluted air at a flow rate of 7 m/s can achieve the rate of dust removal up to 93 % and that of CO removal up to 72.6 %, which efficiently controls the concentrations of CO and dust under allowable limits. It is implied that the proposed air cleaner is a potential solution to air control in road tunnels, and is prominent for its performances and saving the huge cost of longitudinal ventilation tunnel or vertical vent and ventilation facilities.

Modeling of the Dyeing Uptake Rate for Direct Dyestuff on Cotton in Batch Dyeing Process Based on Grey System Theory

The grey system theory, with the characteristics of fewer modeling data and higher accuracy, was employed to model the batch dyeing process for the purpose of accurate online control. The GM（1, 1） and GM （0, N） models of the grey system theory were discussed for their feasibilities of modding for batch dyeing process. The combination of direct dyestuff Fast Red F3B on cotton was chosen as a representative of the common dyeing method for describing the modeling process. Firstly, the GM（ 1, 1 ） model and the GM（1, 1） combined with GM（0, N） model were employed to model the equilibrium percentage of dyeing uptake rate. Secondly, an integrated dyeing uptake rate model with three factors （ temperature, salt concentration, and pH） was established based on the adsorption rate equation. Experimental results show that this model has higher accuracy and beetler generalization ability, which can predict the results of batch dyeing process. Due to the application of grey system theory, the model has a lot of advantages, such as being easy to determine the parameter value and small amount of calculation. So it can also be suitable for the same type of combination of dyestuff-fahric by changing the parameters value only.

Analysis of China's Haze Days in the Winter Half-Year and the Climatic Background during 1961–2012

The characteristics of haze days and the climatic background are analyzed by using daily observations of haze,precipitation,mean and maximum wind speed of 664 meteorological stations for the period of 1961–2012.The results show that haze days occur significantly more often in eastern China than in western China.The annual number of haze days is 5–30 d in most parts of central-eastern China,with some areas experiencing more than 30 d,while less than 5 d are averagely occurring in western China.Haze days are mainly concentrated in the winter half-year,with most in winter,followed by autumn,spring,and then summer.Nearly 20%of annual haze days are experienced in December.The haze days in central-eastern China in the winter half-year have a significant increasing trend of 1.7 d per decade during 1961–2012.There were great increases in haze days in the 1960s,1970s and the beginning of the 21st century.There was also significant abrupt changes of haze days in the early 1970s and 2000s.From 1961 to 2012,haze days in the winter half-year increased in South China,the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River,and North China,but decreased in Northeast China,eastern Northwest China and eastern Southwest China.The number of persistent haze is rising.The Longer the haze,the greater the proportion to the number persistent haze.Certain climatic conditions exacerbated the occurrence of haze.The correlation coefficient between haze days and precipitation days in the winter half-year is mainly negative in central-eastern China.The precipitation days show a decreasing trend in most parts of China,with a rate of around–4.0 d per decade in central-eastern China,which reduces the sedimentation capacity of atmospheric pollutants.During the period of 1961–2012,the correlation coefficients between haze days and mean wind speed and strong wind days are mainly negative in central-eastern China,while there exists positive correlation between haze days and breeze days in the winter half-year.The mean wind speed and strong wind days are decreasing,while breeze days are increasing in most parts of China,which is benefitial to the reduction of the pollutants diffusion capacity.As a result,haze occurs more easily.

The roles of heterogeneous chemical processes in the formation of an air pollution complex and gray haze

Urban and regional air pollutions are characterized by high concentrations of secondary pollutants such as photo-oxidants （mainly ozone） and fine particulate matter, which are formed through chemical reactions of the primary pollutants emitted from various sources. The accumulation of these pollutants under stagnant meteorological conditions results in the formation of gray haze, reducing visibility and causing major impacts on human health and climate. In an air pollution complex, the co- existence of high concentrations of primary and secondary gaseous and particulate pollutants provides a large amount of reac- tants for heterogeneous reactions on the surface of fine particles; these reactions change the oxidizing capacity of the atmos- phere, as well as chemical compositions along with the physicochemical and optical properties of particulate matter, thereby accelerating formation of the air pollution complex and gray haze. Using in situ technologies, such as diffuse reflectance infra- red Fourier-transform spectroscopy and single-particle Raman spectroscopy, we systematically investigated the reaction kinet- ics and mechanisms of gaseous pollutants （i.e., NO2, SO2, 03, and formaldehyde） on the surfaces of the major components of atmospheric particles such as CaCO3, kaolinite, montmorillonite, NaC1, sea salt, A1203, and Tit2. We found that the main re- action products were sulfate, nitrate, or formate, which can change the hygroscopicity and light extinction parameters of those particles significantly. By analyzing the reaction kinetics of these heterogeneous reactions, we identified synergetic mechanisms of the three ternary reaction systems, ,i.e., NOE-particles-H2O, SO2-particles-O3, and organics/SO2-particles-UV illumination. These synergetic mechanisms can provide experimental and theoretical bases for understanding the feedback mechanisms and nonlinear processes in the formation of an air pollution complex and gray haze.

Lime and Phosphate Could Reduce Cadmium Uptake by Five Vegetables Commonly Grown in South China

A pot experiment was conducted in artificially Cd-contaminated （5 mg Cd kg 1） soils to investigate the feasibility of using lime （3 g kg-1） or phosphate （80 mg P kg-1） to mitigate uptake of Cd by vegetables. Five common vegetables in South China, including lettuce （Lactuca sativa L. var. ramosa Hort.）, Chinese cabbage [Brassica rapa L. subsp. Chinensis （L.） var. parachinensis （L. H. Bailey） Hanect], Chinese broccoli （Brassica oleracea L. vat. albiflora Kuntze）, white amaranth （Amaranthus tricolor L.） and purslane （Amaranthus viridis L.）, were grown in the soils and harvested after 60 d. The results showed that liming significantly reduced Cd uptake by most vegetables by 40%-50% （or a maximum of 70%）, mainly due to immobilization of soil Cd. Increased availability of Ca in the soil might also contribute to the Cd uptake reduction as a result of absorption competition between Ca and Cd. Liming caused biomass reduction in white amaranth and purslane, but did not influence growth of the other vegetables. Phosphate decreased Cd uptake by vegetables by 12% 23%. Compared with lime, phosphate decreased, to a smaller extent, the bioavailability of Cd in most cases. Phosphate markedly promoted growth of vegetables. Changes in soil chemistry by adding lime or phosphate did not markedly influence nutrient uptake of vegetables except that lime increased Ca content and phosphate increased P content in shoots of the vegetables. The results suggested that a proper application of lime could be effective in reducing Cd uptake of vegetables, and phosphate could promote growth of the vegetables as well as alleviate the toxicity of Cd.

Mechanism for the formation of the January 2013 heavy haze pollution episode over central and eastern China

In January 2013, a long-lasting episode of severe haze occurred in central and eastern China, and it attracted attention from all sectors of society. The process and evolution of haze pollution episodes were observed by the ＂Forming Mechanism and Con- trol Strategies of Haze in China＂ group using an intensive aerosol and trace gases campaign that simultaneously obtained data at 11 ground-based observing sites in the CARE-China network. The characteristics and formation mechanism of haze pollu- tion episodes were discussed. Five haze pollution episodes were identified in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei （Jing-Jin-Ji） area; the two most severe episodes occurred during 9-15 January and 25-31 January. During these two haze pollution episodes, the maximum hourly PMz5 mass concentrations in Beijing were 680 and 530 ~tg m-3, respectively. The process and evolution of haze pollution episodes in other major cities in the Jing-Jin-Ji area, such as Shijiazhuang and Tianjin were almost the same as those observed in Beijing. The external cause of the severe haze episodes was the unusual atmospheric circulation, the depres- sion of strong cold air activities and the very unfavorable dispersion due to geographical and meteorological conditions. How- ever, the internal cause was the quick secondary transformation of primary gaseous pollutants to secondary aerosols, which contributed to the ＂explosive growth＂ and ＂sustained growth＂ of PM2.5. Particularly, the abnormally high amount of nitric ox- ide （NOx） in the haze episodes, produced by fossil fuel combustion and vehicle emissions, played a direct or indirect role in the quick secondary transformation of coal-burning sulphur dioxide （SO2） to sulphate aerosols. Furthermore, gaseous pollutants were transformed into secondary aerosols through heterogeneous reactions on the surface of fine particles, which can change the particle＇s size and chemical composition. Consequently, the proportion of secondary inorganic ions, such as sulphate and nitrate, gradually increased, which enhances particle hygroscopicity and thereby accelerating formation of the haze pollution.