Significant loss of life and damage to properties, ecosystems and marine facilities occur due to various natural hazards such as cyclones and tsunamis. Royal HaskoningDHV has developed regional hydrodynamic and wave m...Significant loss of life and damage to properties, ecosystems and marine facilities occur due to various natural hazards such as cyclones and tsunamis. Royal HaskoningDHV has developed regional hydrodynamic and wave models covering the Northern Arabian Sea to address these issues. Cyclone modelling was carried out on 11 major cyclones since 1945 and the tsunami modelling on an earthquake along the Makran Fault Line in 1945. Sample results from these modelling studies are presented in this paper. The methodology described in this article for modelling cyclones and tsunamis in the Arabian Sea could be applied to simulate these natural hazards at other sites around the world.展开更多
The China’s Earthquake Cases and Disaster Information System based on GIS (MapECDIS 2002 for Windows) is a GIS system developed to provide a tool for the government and the public to inquire and learn about disaster ...The China’s Earthquake Cases and Disaster Information System based on GIS (MapECDIS 2002 for Windows) is a GIS system developed to provide a tool for the government and the public to inquire and learn about disaster information (since 2221BC) and case study results (since 1966) of destructive earthquakes in China. The system is expected to be helpful, as an applied supplementary tool, for scientists and management personnel in earthquake prediction practice, seismological research and earthquake disaster research. The design idea and main functions of the system are introduced in the paper.展开更多
The determination of collapse margin ratio(CMR)of structure is influenced by many uncertain factors.Some factors that can affect the calculation of CMR,e.g.,the elongation of the structural fundamental period prior to...The determination of collapse margin ratio(CMR)of structure is influenced by many uncertain factors.Some factors that can affect the calculation of CMR,e.g.,the elongation of the structural fundamental period prior to collapse,the determination of earthquake intensity measure,the seismic hazard probability,and the difference of the spectral shapes between the median spectrum of the ground motions and the design spectrum,were discussed.Considering the elongation of the structural fundamental period,the intensity measure Sa(T1)should be replaced with *aS in the calculation of CMR for short-period and medium-period structures.The reasonable intensity measure should be determined by the correlation analysis between the earthquake intensity measure and the damage index of the structure.Otherwise,CMR should be adjusted according to the seismic hazard probability and the difference in the spectral shapes.For important long-period structures,CMR should be determined by the special site spectrum.The results indicate that both Sa(T1)and spectrum intensity(SI)could be used as intensity measures in the calculation of CMR for medium-period structures,but SI would be a better choice for long-period structures.Moreover,an adjusted CMR that reflects the actual seismic collapse safety of structures is provided.展开更多
The pre-modern history of population change in the Fuping County(Shaanxi Province, China)during the Ming and Qing Dynasties(AD 1368-1911) was reconstructed using historical sources.The Fuping County experienced two ma...The pre-modern history of population change in the Fuping County(Shaanxi Province, China)during the Ming and Qing Dynasties(AD 1368-1911) was reconstructed using historical sources.The Fuping County experienced two major population collapses, i.e. the late Ming Dynasty(1550-1640 s) and the 1860-1880 s. The first one was caused by the great AD 1556 earthquake and the extreme droughts and warfare in the 1630-1640 s. The second one was caused by warfare and extreme droughts. As a whole, natural disasters, including extreme drought and great earthquake, were the key direct causes of population collapse, and climatic cooling would be a potential indirect cause. It is very interesting that population collapses occurred almost synchronously in the Fuping County and whole China, and the trends of population change were also very similar. Climate-population relationship in China would be valid at finer geographic level,and climatic cooling could be a potential indirect cause of population collapse.展开更多
Immediate cutting and logging of mixed conifer/broadleaves species in a man-made forest crossed by fire in 2009 in the Arci Mountain in Sardinia can not guarantee as the best post-fire regeneration. The study case rep...Immediate cutting and logging of mixed conifer/broadleaves species in a man-made forest crossed by fire in 2009 in the Arci Mountain in Sardinia can not guarantee as the best post-fire regeneration. The study case reports the differences in the density and in the height of seedlings. The release of damaged Pinus halepensis Mill. stems seems to confirm the tree seeder role of this species.展开更多
This paper presents the STAMP （system-theoretic accident modeling and processes） accident model, based on systems theory, and describes its application in the context of risk prevention related to the remediation of...This paper presents the STAMP （system-theoretic accident modeling and processes） accident model, based on systems theory, and describes its application in the context of risk prevention related to the remediation of contaminated sediments. The implementation of the model is described, and results are presented both in methodological and technical terms. The goal of this article is to emphasize the need of new approaches to take into account hazards and accidents within socio-technical systems.展开更多
The Italian earthquakes of recent decades created an emergency situation that required immediate post-earthquake reconstruction policies, which led to an increase in the demand for construction minerals. In particular...The Italian earthquakes of recent decades created an emergency situation that required immediate post-earthquake reconstruction policies, which led to an increase in the demand for construction minerals. In particular, extraction in active quarries has been intensified, and new quarries opened according to extraordinary procedures notwithstanding current regulations. The objective of this work is to investigate the consequences that a seismic event may produce on both the built-up environment, i.e. the totality of urban and suburban settlements and infrastructure, and the natural environment, which is often compromised by hasty emergency procedures aimed at mineral extraction. As a result, correct evaluation of the demand for minerals and the recycling of earthquake debris are the fundamental elements of coherent post seismic reconstruction, by means of which post-earthquake policies could be reconciled with environmental protection.展开更多
Since the 1990s, indigenous people in Taiwan have engaged in tribal councils for the purpose of integrating the tribal authority and the modern administrative system. The establishment of tribal councils provides a co...Since the 1990s, indigenous people in Taiwan have engaged in tribal councils for the purpose of integrating the tribal authority and the modern administrative system. The establishment of tribal councils provides a communicative forum for tribal leaders, village, and the association of community development to make decisions of common tribal affairs. When disasters happen, the internal tribal response strategies and external assistance mechanisms might cooperate through either traditional or modern administrative systems. The research focused on how these organizations, while in interim housing, influenced the reconstruction and rehabilitation after disasters. The research＇s findings suggested that tribal councils, a pre-existing mechanism, seemed to be an appropriate forum for negotiation and decision-making for tribal affairs.展开更多
A numerical model for simulating storm surge with nested grid system has been applied to hindcast the coastal flooding on both sides of Taiwan Strait. The simulation results can be used to understand the transport var...A numerical model for simulating storm surge with nested grid system has been applied to hindcast the coastal flooding on both sides of Taiwan Strait. The simulation results can be used to understand the transport variation and the inundation distribution induced by the storm surge on the interested area during typhoon invades. The case in this study is Typhoon SEPAT, which passed through central Taiwan in 2007. The transport characteristics through Taiwan Strait under the influence of Typhoon SEPAT were discussed by comparing the field observations and numerical simulations during the typhoon period. The results indicate that the surge height of Typhoon SEPAT did not respond to the peak of wind waves accompanied with 15 hrs time lag. According to the influence of dynamical forces on the storm surge in Taiwan Strait, the onshore wind is the dominant role of coastal inundation during this typhoon event in Taiwan Strait. By observing the inundation map through the typhoon period, the coasts of Yulin County are verified to be the most serious affected area in the vicinity of Taiwan Strait.展开更多
文摘Significant loss of life and damage to properties, ecosystems and marine facilities occur due to various natural hazards such as cyclones and tsunamis. Royal HaskoningDHV has developed regional hydrodynamic and wave models covering the Northern Arabian Sea to address these issues. Cyclone modelling was carried out on 11 major cyclones since 1945 and the tsunami modelling on an earthquake along the Makran Fault Line in 1945. Sample results from these modelling studies are presented in this paper. The methodology described in this article for modelling cyclones and tsunamis in the Arabian Sea could be applied to simulate these natural hazards at other sites around the world.
文摘The China’s Earthquake Cases and Disaster Information System based on GIS (MapECDIS 2002 for Windows) is a GIS system developed to provide a tool for the government and the public to inquire and learn about disaster information (since 2221BC) and case study results (since 1966) of destructive earthquakes in China. The system is expected to be helpful, as an applied supplementary tool, for scientists and management personnel in earthquake prediction practice, seismological research and earthquake disaster research. The design idea and main functions of the system are introduced in the paper.
基金Projects(51161120359,90915005)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(NCET-08-0096)supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of the Ministry of China
文摘The determination of collapse margin ratio(CMR)of structure is influenced by many uncertain factors.Some factors that can affect the calculation of CMR,e.g.,the elongation of the structural fundamental period prior to collapse,the determination of earthquake intensity measure,the seismic hazard probability,and the difference of the spectral shapes between the median spectrum of the ground motions and the design spectrum,were discussed.Considering the elongation of the structural fundamental period,the intensity measure Sa(T1)should be replaced with *aS in the calculation of CMR for short-period and medium-period structures.The reasonable intensity measure should be determined by the correlation analysis between the earthquake intensity measure and the damage index of the structure.Otherwise,CMR should be adjusted according to the seismic hazard probability and the difference in the spectral shapes.For important long-period structures,CMR should be determined by the special site spectrum.The results indicate that both Sa(T1)and spectrum intensity(SI)could be used as intensity measures in the calculation of CMR for medium-period structures,but SI would be a better choice for long-period structures.Moreover,an adjusted CMR that reflects the actual seismic collapse safety of structures is provided.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant No.41672180]the Ministry of Science and Technology of China[Grant No.2017FY101002]
文摘The pre-modern history of population change in the Fuping County(Shaanxi Province, China)during the Ming and Qing Dynasties(AD 1368-1911) was reconstructed using historical sources.The Fuping County experienced two major population collapses, i.e. the late Ming Dynasty(1550-1640 s) and the 1860-1880 s. The first one was caused by the great AD 1556 earthquake and the extreme droughts and warfare in the 1630-1640 s. The second one was caused by warfare and extreme droughts. As a whole, natural disasters, including extreme drought and great earthquake, were the key direct causes of population collapse, and climatic cooling would be a potential indirect cause. It is very interesting that population collapses occurred almost synchronously in the Fuping County and whole China, and the trends of population change were also very similar. Climate-population relationship in China would be valid at finer geographic level,and climatic cooling could be a potential indirect cause of population collapse.
文摘Immediate cutting and logging of mixed conifer/broadleaves species in a man-made forest crossed by fire in 2009 in the Arci Mountain in Sardinia can not guarantee as the best post-fire regeneration. The study case reports the differences in the density and in the height of seedlings. The release of damaged Pinus halepensis Mill. stems seems to confirm the tree seeder role of this species.
文摘This paper presents the STAMP （system-theoretic accident modeling and processes） accident model, based on systems theory, and describes its application in the context of risk prevention related to the remediation of contaminated sediments. The implementation of the model is described, and results are presented both in methodological and technical terms. The goal of this article is to emphasize the need of new approaches to take into account hazards and accidents within socio-technical systems.
文摘The Italian earthquakes of recent decades created an emergency situation that required immediate post-earthquake reconstruction policies, which led to an increase in the demand for construction minerals. In particular, extraction in active quarries has been intensified, and new quarries opened according to extraordinary procedures notwithstanding current regulations. The objective of this work is to investigate the consequences that a seismic event may produce on both the built-up environment, i.e. the totality of urban and suburban settlements and infrastructure, and the natural environment, which is often compromised by hasty emergency procedures aimed at mineral extraction. As a result, correct evaluation of the demand for minerals and the recycling of earthquake debris are the fundamental elements of coherent post seismic reconstruction, by means of which post-earthquake policies could be reconciled with environmental protection.
文摘Since the 1990s, indigenous people in Taiwan have engaged in tribal councils for the purpose of integrating the tribal authority and the modern administrative system. The establishment of tribal councils provides a communicative forum for tribal leaders, village, and the association of community development to make decisions of common tribal affairs. When disasters happen, the internal tribal response strategies and external assistance mechanisms might cooperate through either traditional or modern administrative systems. The research focused on how these organizations, while in interim housing, influenced the reconstruction and rehabilitation after disasters. The research＇s findings suggested that tribal councils, a pre-existing mechanism, seemed to be an appropriate forum for negotiation and decision-making for tribal affairs.
文摘A numerical model for simulating storm surge with nested grid system has been applied to hindcast the coastal flooding on both sides of Taiwan Strait. The simulation results can be used to understand the transport variation and the inundation distribution induced by the storm surge on the interested area during typhoon invades. The case in this study is Typhoon SEPAT, which passed through central Taiwan in 2007. The transport characteristics through Taiwan Strait under the influence of Typhoon SEPAT were discussed by comparing the field observations and numerical simulations during the typhoon period. The results indicate that the surge height of Typhoon SEPAT did not respond to the peak of wind waves accompanied with 15 hrs time lag. According to the influence of dynamical forces on the storm surge in Taiwan Strait, the onshore wind is the dominant role of coastal inundation during this typhoon event in Taiwan Strait. By observing the inundation map through the typhoon period, the coasts of Yulin County are verified to be the most serious affected area in the vicinity of Taiwan Strait.
