河流水量组成分析与计算方法研究

根据河流的不同功能,将河流水量分为生态环境水量、资源水量、灾害水量3部分,以松花江嫩江干流为例,对河流3部分水量进行了分析与计算,并探讨了河流各部分水量的变化趋势及规律.对于流域水资源优化配置,实现水资源可持续发展具有重要意义.

河流水资源结构分析研究

针对河流中水体的功能和作用,从生态保护、兴利运用和防洪减灾的角度出发,提出了河流水资源结构分析的思想和方法.河流水资源可划分为生态水量、安全水量、风险水量和灾害水量四部分,各部分水量由特定的流量来界定.以北方河流为背景,在对4种水量的概念及其功能与作用深入分析的基础上,提出了各类水量的计算方法;研究了松花江哈尔滨水文断面的水资源结构划分和各类水量分配规律.结果表明,所提出的方法可以对河流水资源进行定量分析,进而实现分类管理、高效利用.

DIAGNOSES OF THE SEVERE DROUGHT OVER YUNNAN AREA IN THE EARLY SUMMER OF 2005

High temperature and drought occurred in Yunnan province during the late spring and early summer in 2005, which was the most severe event in this region since 1950’s. Based on the observational data and relevant diagnoses, this extreme weather event was studied and discussed. The results show that the occurrence of this event could be due to the following observational facts that happened in 2005. (1) The seasonal adjustment of middle-high-leveled atmospheric circulation was delayed. (2) The cold air activity center was deviated north. (3) The onset of summer monsoon over South China Sea was delayed. (4) The tropical convection activity was much weaker than usual. (5) The subtropical high over the western Pacific was located southwestwards and relatively strong.

Gradient principle of horizontal stress inducing rock burst in coal mine

Based on the stress distribution characteristics of rock burst multiple sites, the criterion of horizontal stress inducing layer dislocation rock burst was established. Accordingly, the influencing factors were analyzed. The analysis results indicate that the stress condition, edge of etastic zone depth, supporting strength, and the friction angle and cohesion among coal stratum, roof and floor are sensitive factors. By introducing double-couple model, the layer dislocation rock burst was explained and the energy radiation characteristics were analyzed. The SOS micro-seismic monitoring system was applied to observe the rock burst hazards about a mining face. The results show that P- and S-wave energy radiations produced by rock burst have directional characteristics. The energy radiation characteristics of the 22 rock bursts occurring on 79Z6 long-wall face are basically the same as theoretical results, that is, the ratio of S-wave energy of sensor 4 to 6 is about 1.5 and that of P-wave is smaller than 0.5. The consistency of the monitored characteristics of the energy radiation theoretically increases with the total energy increasing.

Annual precipitation gray forecast in disaster year of Chedaren debris flow

The Chedaren ravine belongs to high-prone areas of debris flow in Jilin Province, which threaten the local people＇ s life and security seriously. The authors used the residual correction theory to amend the GM （ 1, 1 ） model and forecast annual precipitation in disaster year of the Chedaren ravine ; it provides scientific foundation for early warning of debris flow disaster in the rainy season based on weather forecast. The prediction resuits show that annual precipitation is 724.7 mm in 2009 ; the region will probably occur large-scale debris flow during the rainy season.

The Relationship Between Vegetation Characteristics and Altitudes in Transitional Permafrost Zone in Xidatan, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Many studies showed that permafrost has profound influence on alpine ecosystem. However, former researches were mainly focused on typical points by temporal scales. There were few studies about the correlation between vegetation characteristics and different altitudes covering a large region in spatial pattern, especially in transitional permafrost(TP). There were continuous permafrost(CP) discontinuous permafrost(DCP) and seasonal frozen ground(SFG) in this study region. The types of permafrost changed from SFG to DCP, and finally become CP as the altitudes of Xidatan increase. In this paper, 112 845 points interpreted by HJ1-B(environment and disaster monitoring and prediction small satellite constellation), vegetation investigation points, thawing layer thickness research sites, ground temperature and water content observation plots were used to examine the spatial pattern of vegetation which were located in different altitudes in Xidatan, a typical TP region, in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Vegetation characteristics, soil moisture content(SMC) and thaw depths were collected in 15 August to 25 August2012. Characteristics of vegetation were mainly represented by fractional vegetation cover(FVC) derived from the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI), as well as above ground biomass(AGB). In this paper, we analyzed that the distinction of vegetation characteristics in each range through statistics data. These ranges were divided by varied altitudes. For examples, the ranges were divided into 50 m or 100 m. In this study we use a large area plots method to further discuss the relationship between the features of vegetation and the different regions of permafrost based on altitudes shifts in Xidatan. A diagram described the vegetation characteristics variability with rising altitudes in transitional permafrost region was drawn in this paper. Our results illustrated the FVCs first increased in SFG region and then decreased in DCP zone slowly, and in CP region FVCs soared then dropped dramatically. With the altitudes increased, the curve of FVCs indicated a parabolic distribution except a little difference in the first 200 m range.

Estimation of Critical Rainfall for Flood Disasters in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

According to the results of The Second Comprehensive Scientific Expedition on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,the balance of solid and liquid water on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is disturbed,and a large amount of solid water,such as glaciers and perpetual snow,is transformed into liquid water,which aggravates the risk of flood disasters in the Plateau.Based on the historical flood disaster records of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,this paper analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the flood disasters in the Plateau,and estimated the critical rainfall for the flood disasters combined with precipitation data from the meteorological stations in each basin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.The results show that most of the flood disaster events in the Plateau are caused by precipitation,and the average annual occurrence of flood disasters is more than 30 cases and their frequency is on the rise.The high frequency areas of flood disasters in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are mainly in the Hehuang Valley and the Hengduan Mountains area;the secondary high frequency areas are located in the valley area of South Tibet and the peripheral area of the Hehuang valley.Finally,we found that the highest critical rainfall value of flood disasters in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is in the southern area of the plateau,followed by the eastern and southeastern parts of the plateau,and the lowest values are in the central,western and northern parts of the Plateau.