We report the adsorption of phosphate and discuss the mechanisms of phosphate removal from aqueous solution by burst furnace slag (BFS) and steel furnace slag (SFS). The results show that the adsorption of phosphate o...We report the adsorption of phosphate and discuss the mechanisms of phosphate removal from aqueous solution by burst furnace slag (BFS) and steel furnace slag (SFS). The results show that the adsorption of phosphate on the slag was rapid and the majority of adsorption was completed in 5~10 min. The adsorption capacity of phosphate by the slag was reduced dramatically by acid treatment. The relative contribution of adsorption to the total removal of phosphate was 26%~28%. Phosphate adsorption on BFS and SFS follows the Freundlich isotherm, with the related constants of k 6.372 and 1/n 1.739 for BFS, and of k 1.705 and 1/n 1.718 for SFS. The pH and Ca2+ concentration were decreased with the addition of phosphate, suggesting the formation of calcium phosphate precipitation. At pH 2.93 and 6.93, phosphate was desorbed by about 36%~43% and 9%~11%, respectively. These results indicate that the P adsorption on the slag is not completely reversible and that the bond between the slag particles and adsorbed phosphate is strong. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of BFS and SFS before and after phosphate adsorption verify the formation of phosphate salts (CaHPO4·2H2O) after adsorption process. We conclude that the removal of phosphate by BFS and SFS is related to the formation of phosphate calcium precipitation and the adsorption on hydroxylated oxides. The results show that BFS and SFS removed phosphate nearly 100%, indicating they are promising adsorbents for the phosphate removal in wastewater treatment and pollution control.展开更多
The process characteristics of heat treatment of aluminum alloy auto body sheet and the working principle of air cushion furnace were introduced.The process position and irreplaceable role of air cushion furnace in th...The process characteristics of heat treatment of aluminum alloy auto body sheet and the working principle of air cushion furnace were introduced.The process position and irreplaceable role of air cushion furnace in the aluminum alloy auto body sheet production was pointed out after the difficulty and key points in the whole production process of auto body sheet were studied.Then the development process of air cushion furnace line of aluminum alloy sheet was reviewed,summarized and divided to two stages.Based on the research of air cushion furnace,the key technology of it was analyzed,then the key points on process,equipment and control models of air cushion furnace for aluminum alloy auto body sheet in future were put forward.With the rapid development of automotive industry,there will be certainly a new upsurge of research and application of air cushion furnace for heat treatment of aluminum alloy auto body sheet.展开更多
An electromagnetic anti-fouling technology(EAFT) was developed further. The operating principle of the EAFT was presented using fundamental physics laws. To validate the effect of EAFT and identify the mechanism, a ci...An electromagnetic anti-fouling technology(EAFT) was developed further. The operating principle of the EAFT was presented using fundamental physics laws. To validate the effect of EAFT and identify the mechanism, a circulating flow setup was built. A series of fouling tests were carried out with and without EAFT, measuring fouling thermal resistance as function of time, making scanning electron microscope images and analyzing the particles size distribution in solution by dynamics light scattering technology. The main results were as follows: 1) All the precipitated crystals in solution were calcite and there were little differences between with EAFT and without EAFT in the experimental range. 2) The number of precipitate nucleation in solution was small and the particle growth was slow without EAFT. In opposition to the case untreated, a rapid particle growth was observed and the number of nucleation was expected to be large, due to the fact that the EAFT effectively increases the ions and crystals collision frequency and effectiveness by utilizing the induced electric field. It is indicated that the particle growth is promoted mainly by coagulation process but not nucleation growth. 3) The EAFT could prolong the delay time of fouling greatly, and after the delay time, the thermal resistance quickly increased. Therefore, in order to mitigate scale significantly, the floccules in solution should be deposited beforehand in a low-lying area of the exchangers and let off in time.展开更多
An optimized selective sequential extraction(SSE)procedure was developed to assess the arsenic(As)partitioning in copper slag.The potential As species in copper slag are partitioned into the readily soluble As,dissolv...An optimized selective sequential extraction(SSE)procedure was developed to assess the arsenic(As)partitioning in copper slag.The potential As species in copper slag are partitioned into the readily soluble As,dissolvable arsenates,sparingly soluble arsenates,As residing in sulfides,arsenopyrite and metal As,as well as As incorporated into glassy silicates.The inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES),scanning electronic microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscope(TEM),X-ray diffractometry(XRD)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)were used to characterize the leachates and residues produced from the operation scheme.The selectivity and recovery of extractants were evaluated through single-phase extraction procedures.Partitioning data of As in slag samples show good agreement with the reported works and the total As recovery of each operation is over 90%.This suggests that the optimized SEE scheme can be reliably employed for As partitioning in As-bearing byproducts from copper smelting.展开更多
Niche strategy is one of the competitive strategies based on a small market, and an enterprise enters the market and becomes the leader of the market in the end. Galanz is a typical Chinese manufacturer to execute nic...Niche strategy is one of the competitive strategies based on a small market, and an enterprise enters the market and becomes the leader of the market in the end. Galanz is a typical Chinese manufacturer to execute niche strategy. It makes use of labour force advantage, resource advantage and technologist advantage to enter microwave oven market, and it has been one of the most famous manufacture factories in the world. The success of Galanz gives elicitations to other Chinese manufacturers, and it will inspirit more and more manufacturers appear similar as Galanz.展开更多
The effect of sulfur compounds （including sulfur, sulfide, sulfite and sulfate）, initial concentration of heavy metal and operating conditions on Cd emission in municipal solid waste （MSW） incineration were invest...The effect of sulfur compounds （including sulfur, sulfide, sulfite and sulfate）, initial concentration of heavy metal and operating conditions on Cd emission in municipal solid waste （MSW） incineration were investi-gated using a simulated tubular furnace and simulated MSW spiked with Cd. The concentration of Cd was meas-ured by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry （ICP-AES） after digesting the samples including bottom ash, fly ash and flue gas according to related USEPA methods. The results show that S and Na2S tend to in- crease Cd partitioning in bottom ash, whereas Na2SO3 and Na2SO4 tend to reduce Cd partitioning in bottom ash. The effect of sulfur compounds on Cd partitioning in bottom ash was in the sequence of Na2S〉S〉Na2SO3〉 Na2SO4. chemical equilibrium analysis is also performed to determine the effect of sorbents on Cd adsorption. The calculations show that S presents strong affinity for Cd and restrains Cd adsorption by SiO2, whereas when temperature rises to between 830℃ and 1030℃, Cd adsorption efficiency of SiO2 is over 80% and the efficiency of Al2O3 is up to 85%.展开更多
Many studies have considered the solution of Unit Commitment problems for the management of energy networks. In this field, earlier work addressed the problem in determinist cases and in cases dealing with demand unce...Many studies have considered the solution of Unit Commitment problems for the management of energy networks. In this field, earlier work addressed the problem in determinist cases and in cases dealing with demand uncertainties. In this paper, the authors develop a method to deal with uncertainties related to the cost function. Indeed, such uncertainties often occur in energy networks （waste incinerator with a priori unknown waste amounts, cogeneration plant with uncertainty of the sold electricity price...）. The corresponding optimization problems are large scale stochastic non-linear mixed integer problems. The developed solution method is a recourse based programming one. The main idea is to consider that amounts of energy to produce can be slightly adapted in real time, whereas the on/off statuses of units have to be decided very early in the management procedure. Results show that the proposed approach remains compatible with existing Unit Commitment programming methods and presents an obvious interest with reasonable computing loads.展开更多
High-temperature heating surface such as superheater and reheater of large-sized utility boiler all experiences a relatively severe working conditions. The failure of boiler tubes will directly impact the safe and eco...High-temperature heating surface such as superheater and reheater of large-sized utility boiler all experiences a relatively severe working conditions. The failure of boiler tubes will directly impact the safe and economic operation of boiler. An on-line life monitoring model of high-temperature heating surface was set up according to the well-known L-M formula of the creep damages. The tube wall metal temperature and working stress was measured by on-line monitoring, and with this model, the real-time calculation of the life expenditure of the heating surface tube bundles were realized. Based on the technique the on-line life monitoring and management system of high-temperature heating surface was developed for a 300 MW utility boiler. An effective device was thus suggested for the implementation of the safe operation and the condition-based maintenance of utility boilers.展开更多
Glass-ceramics obtained from the electric arc furnace molten slag of incinerator fly ash was produced by applying nucleation and crystallization through heat treatment process. The effects of nucleating agent （TiO2 a...Glass-ceramics obtained from the electric arc furnace molten slag of incinerator fly ash was produced by applying nucleation and crystallization through heat treatment process. The effects of nucleating agent （TiO2 and Cr2O3） on the crystallization kinetics and heat treatment schedule of the slag were investigated. The results show that the nucleating agents changed the crystallization phase and morphology of the obtained glass-ceramics. The optimum heat treatment schedule of the glass with TiO2 was determined as nucleation at 952 K for 1.5 h and crystal growth at 1 258 K for 1.5 h, while those values with Cr203 were estimated at 971 K for 2 h and at 1 238 K for 2 h. TiO2 acting as nucleating agent could decrease the activation energy of the slag and shorten the total thermal treatment time in comparison with Cr2O3. The glass-ceramics obtained under the optimum heat treatment condition was environmentfriendly and had remarkable physical/mechanical properties and chemical durability.展开更多
Based on the experimental results of Chen et al. to use the solar furnace and medium frequency induction furnace to extract boron impurity from metallurgical silicon, we propose a strong radiation catalysis mechanism ...Based on the experimental results of Chen et al. to use the solar furnace and medium frequency induction furnace to extract boron impurity from metallurgical silicon, we propose a strong radiation catalysis mechanism to explain the difference of reaction rates in these two furnaces. The postulate assuming the photons striking on the material not only increase the thermal energy of the molecules of reactants but also lower down the energy barrier of the reaction to speed up the chemical reaction. It is believed the photon catalysis mechanism is unlversall in most of high temperature chemical reactions and looking forward to more evidences for the postulate proposed in this article.展开更多
基金Project supported by the Foundation for the Author of NationalExcellent Doctoral Dissertation of China (No. 200149)the NaturalScience Foundation of Zhejiang Province (No. R305078), China
文摘We report the adsorption of phosphate and discuss the mechanisms of phosphate removal from aqueous solution by burst furnace slag (BFS) and steel furnace slag (SFS). The results show that the adsorption of phosphate on the slag was rapid and the majority of adsorption was completed in 5~10 min. The adsorption capacity of phosphate by the slag was reduced dramatically by acid treatment. The relative contribution of adsorption to the total removal of phosphate was 26%~28%. Phosphate adsorption on BFS and SFS follows the Freundlich isotherm, with the related constants of k 6.372 and 1/n 1.739 for BFS, and of k 1.705 and 1/n 1.718 for SFS. The pH and Ca2+ concentration were decreased with the addition of phosphate, suggesting the formation of calcium phosphate precipitation. At pH 2.93 and 6.93, phosphate was desorbed by about 36%~43% and 9%~11%, respectively. These results indicate that the P adsorption on the slag is not completely reversible and that the bond between the slag particles and adsorbed phosphate is strong. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of BFS and SFS before and after phosphate adsorption verify the formation of phosphate salts (CaHPO4·2H2O) after adsorption process. We conclude that the removal of phosphate by BFS and SFS is related to the formation of phosphate calcium precipitation and the adsorption on hydroxylated oxides. The results show that BFS and SFS removed phosphate nearly 100%, indicating they are promising adsorbents for the phosphate removal in wastewater treatment and pollution control.
文摘The process characteristics of heat treatment of aluminum alloy auto body sheet and the working principle of air cushion furnace were introduced.The process position and irreplaceable role of air cushion furnace in the aluminum alloy auto body sheet production was pointed out after the difficulty and key points in the whole production process of auto body sheet were studied.Then the development process of air cushion furnace line of aluminum alloy sheet was reviewed,summarized and divided to two stages.Based on the research of air cushion furnace,the key technology of it was analyzed,then the key points on process,equipment and control models of air cushion furnace for aluminum alloy auto body sheet in future were put forward.With the rapid development of automotive industry,there will be certainly a new upsurge of research and application of air cushion furnace for heat treatment of aluminum alloy auto body sheet.
文摘An electromagnetic anti-fouling technology(EAFT) was developed further. The operating principle of the EAFT was presented using fundamental physics laws. To validate the effect of EAFT and identify the mechanism, a circulating flow setup was built. A series of fouling tests were carried out with and without EAFT, measuring fouling thermal resistance as function of time, making scanning electron microscope images and analyzing the particles size distribution in solution by dynamics light scattering technology. The main results were as follows: 1) All the precipitated crystals in solution were calcite and there were little differences between with EAFT and without EAFT in the experimental range. 2) The number of precipitate nucleation in solution was small and the particle growth was slow without EAFT. In opposition to the case untreated, a rapid particle growth was observed and the number of nucleation was expected to be large, due to the fact that the EAFT effectively increases the ions and crystals collision frequency and effectiveness by utilizing the induced electric field. It is indicated that the particle growth is promoted mainly by coagulation process but not nucleation growth. 3) The EAFT could prolong the delay time of fouling greatly, and after the delay time, the thermal resistance quickly increased. Therefore, in order to mitigate scale significantly, the floccules in solution should be deposited beforehand in a low-lying area of the exchangers and let off in time.
基金Projects(51874257,51374185,51801183)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘An optimized selective sequential extraction(SSE)procedure was developed to assess the arsenic(As)partitioning in copper slag.The potential As species in copper slag are partitioned into the readily soluble As,dissolvable arsenates,sparingly soluble arsenates,As residing in sulfides,arsenopyrite and metal As,as well as As incorporated into glassy silicates.The inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES),scanning electronic microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscope(TEM),X-ray diffractometry(XRD)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)were used to characterize the leachates and residues produced from the operation scheme.The selectivity and recovery of extractants were evaluated through single-phase extraction procedures.Partitioning data of As in slag samples show good agreement with the reported works and the total As recovery of each operation is over 90%.This suggests that the optimized SEE scheme can be reliably employed for As partitioning in As-bearing byproducts from copper smelting.
文摘Niche strategy is one of the competitive strategies based on a small market, and an enterprise enters the market and becomes the leader of the market in the end. Galanz is a typical Chinese manufacturer to execute niche strategy. It makes use of labour force advantage, resource advantage and technologist advantage to enter microwave oven market, and it has been one of the most famous manufacture factories in the world. The success of Galanz gives elicitations to other Chinese manufacturers, and it will inspirit more and more manufacturers appear similar as Galanz.
文摘The effect of sulfur compounds （including sulfur, sulfide, sulfite and sulfate）, initial concentration of heavy metal and operating conditions on Cd emission in municipal solid waste （MSW） incineration were investi-gated using a simulated tubular furnace and simulated MSW spiked with Cd. The concentration of Cd was meas-ured by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry （ICP-AES） after digesting the samples including bottom ash, fly ash and flue gas according to related USEPA methods. The results show that S and Na2S tend to in- crease Cd partitioning in bottom ash, whereas Na2SO3 and Na2SO4 tend to reduce Cd partitioning in bottom ash. The effect of sulfur compounds on Cd partitioning in bottom ash was in the sequence of Na2S〉S〉Na2SO3〉 Na2SO4. chemical equilibrium analysis is also performed to determine the effect of sorbents on Cd adsorption. The calculations show that S presents strong affinity for Cd and restrains Cd adsorption by SiO2, whereas when temperature rises to between 830℃ and 1030℃, Cd adsorption efficiency of SiO2 is over 80% and the efficiency of Al2O3 is up to 85%.
文摘Many studies have considered the solution of Unit Commitment problems for the management of energy networks. In this field, earlier work addressed the problem in determinist cases and in cases dealing with demand uncertainties. In this paper, the authors develop a method to deal with uncertainties related to the cost function. Indeed, such uncertainties often occur in energy networks （waste incinerator with a priori unknown waste amounts, cogeneration plant with uncertainty of the sold electricity price...）. The corresponding optimization problems are large scale stochastic non-linear mixed integer problems. The developed solution method is a recourse based programming one. The main idea is to consider that amounts of energy to produce can be slightly adapted in real time, whereas the on/off statuses of units have to be decided very early in the management procedure. Results show that the proposed approach remains compatible with existing Unit Commitment programming methods and presents an obvious interest with reasonable computing loads.
文摘High-temperature heating surface such as superheater and reheater of large-sized utility boiler all experiences a relatively severe working conditions. The failure of boiler tubes will directly impact the safe and economic operation of boiler. An on-line life monitoring model of high-temperature heating surface was set up according to the well-known L-M formula of the creep damages. The tube wall metal temperature and working stress was measured by on-line monitoring, and with this model, the real-time calculation of the life expenditure of the heating surface tube bundles were realized. Based on the technique the on-line life monitoring and management system of high-temperature heating surface was developed for a 300 MW utility boiler. An effective device was thus suggested for the implementation of the safe operation and the condition-based maintenance of utility boilers.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51378332 and No.20806051)Science and Technology Project of Housing and Urban-Rural Ministry(No.2014-K4-014)Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2013M530872)
文摘Glass-ceramics obtained from the electric arc furnace molten slag of incinerator fly ash was produced by applying nucleation and crystallization through heat treatment process. The effects of nucleating agent （TiO2 and Cr2O3） on the crystallization kinetics and heat treatment schedule of the slag were investigated. The results show that the nucleating agents changed the crystallization phase and morphology of the obtained glass-ceramics. The optimum heat treatment schedule of the glass with TiO2 was determined as nucleation at 952 K for 1.5 h and crystal growth at 1 258 K for 1.5 h, while those values with Cr203 were estimated at 971 K for 2 h and at 1 238 K for 2 h. TiO2 acting as nucleating agent could decrease the activation energy of the slag and shorten the total thermal treatment time in comparison with Cr2O3. The glass-ceramics obtained under the optimum heat treatment condition was environmentfriendly and had remarkable physical/mechanical properties and chemical durability.
文摘Based on the experimental results of Chen et al. to use the solar furnace and medium frequency induction furnace to extract boron impurity from metallurgical silicon, we propose a strong radiation catalysis mechanism to explain the difference of reaction rates in these two furnaces. The postulate assuming the photons striking on the material not only increase the thermal energy of the molecules of reactants but also lower down the energy barrier of the reaction to speed up the chemical reaction. It is believed the photon catalysis mechanism is unlversall in most of high temperature chemical reactions and looking forward to more evidences for the postulate proposed in this article.
