《炎黄氏族文化考》校补释例

《炎黄氏族文化考》为日照王献唐先生研治古文化史的一部力作,其于炎、黄文化演进变化之迹作了开创性的论述与探讨。抗战中,南阳董作宾氏访先生于史馆,献唐先生微发其旨,董氏悚然离席起,肃立致敬者再,连声曰:“闻所未闻,茅塞顿开。”由于种种原因,此书沉埋世间竟先后达五十年之久。它的重新被发见,并得以嘉惠后学,齐鲁书社功不可泯。流布人口的“齐鲁风格”,与该书的学术价值相映生辉,使关心祖国文化事业的人们感佩不已。因为是最早的读者,我于此书自然有特殊的感情;作为校订者的一员,我深感对它有重大的责任。《出版说明》写道:“

姜太公族源及迁徙路线考

研究齐文化,首先必须研究姜太公。因为太公以齐开国之君,行举贤尚功之法(《汉书·地理志》),修因俗简礼之政;“通商工之业,便鱼盐之利”(《史记·齐太公世家》)。诸多建构,“成为齐国历代统治者的一贯文化政策”(《文史知识》,1989年第3期,第31页),实为齐国文化的开山。而齐国文化则是“齐文化的主体部分”,“

非甾体抗炎药、环糊精包合物的研究进展

初步总结了非甾体抗炎药、环糊精包合物的制备特点、溶解性、生物利用度、稳定性、作用、剂型、结构等方面研究进展，对其应用提出了展望．

炎陵考辨

关于炎帝身世的记载，最早见于相传是左丘明著的《国语》一书。《国语·晋语》说：“昔少典娶于有虫乔氏，生黄帝、炎帝。黄帝以姬水成，炎帝以姜水成，成有异德，故黄帝为姬，炎帝为姜。”根据《国语》的说法，炎帝是少典的儿子，与黄帝是兄弟，生长于姜水。早于《国语》...

关于中国文明主体的再认识──评王献唐对炎帝文明的研究

关于中国文明主体的再认识──评王献唐对炎帝文明的研究吴锐日照王献唐先生（１８９６—１９６０）于学无所不窥，卓然成当代大师，由炎黄两大氏族的分野对湮没已久的炎帝文明探喷索隐，更是献唐先生学术成果中最为精粹的部分。由于种种原因，王先生的学术观点至今仍鲜为...

神农尝百草

神农氏本是五氏之一,出生在烈山的一个石洞里。传说他出生的时候,身体透明,头上长有两角,即牛头人身。由于他外形特殊并且勤劳勇敢,长大后被人们推为部落首领。因为他的部落居住在炎热的南方,称炎族,大家就称他为炎帝。

NOD2: Ethnic and geographic differences

Investigations into the inheritance of the three risk alleles R702W, G908R and 1007 fsInsC in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn＇s disease have demonstrated a remarkable amount of heterogeneity across ethnicities and populations, with regional variation across Europe for example, suggesting local founder effects. In nonCaucasian populations Crohn＇s disease continues to increase in incidence but this increase appears not to be a consequence of variation in NOD2, further advancing the accumulating evidence for other susceptibility loci. Frequencies of the known alleles are compared across populations in health and disease and evidence for additional alleles in NOD2 is reviewed. Based on its position on chromosome 16 coincident with some other autoimmune disease susceptibility Iocalizations, research has targeted NOD2 variation as the potential cause of other autoimmune disorders. While these investigations have mostly returned negative findings, two diseases, Blau Syndrome and Graft versus Host Disease, have been shown to be caused by risk alleles in NOD2. As is frequent in complex disease investigations, some results await validation, but the identification of NOD2 and the differences within and across population raises intriguing questions about the population genetics of the variation at this locus.

Association of polymorphisms of interleukin-18 gene promoter region with chronic hepatitis B in Chinese Han population

AIM: To investigate the polymorphisms of interleukin-18 (IL-18) gene promoters, and to disclose whether such polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B in Chinese Han population. METHODS: Using polymerase chain reaction with sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) method, the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the promoter region of IL-18 gene at position -607 and -137 were detected in 231 patients with chronic hepatitis B and 300 normal controls. RESULTS: Allele C at position -607 in the promoter of IL-18 gene was detected in 48.7% of normal controls and 51.9% of patients, while allele A at position -607 was detected in 51.3% of normal controls and 48.1% of patients. The frequencies of -607CC, -607 CA and -607AA genotypes in normal controls were 22.0%, 53.3% and 24.7% respectively and in chronic hepatitis B patients were 26.8%, 50.2% and 23.0% respectively. Allele G at position -137 in the promoter of IL-18 gene was detected in 82.3% of normal controls and 88.5% of chronic hepatitis B patients, while allele C at position -137 was detected in 17.7% of normal controls and 11.5% of patients. The frequencies of -137GG, GC and CC genotype were 67.3%, 30.0% and 2.7% in normal controls respectively, while in chronic hepatitis B patients were 78.8%, 19.5% and 1.7% respectively. The frequency of-137GG genotype in chronic hepatitis B groups was significantly higher than that in normal controls (x2=8.55, P=0.003 <0.05), whereas the frequencies of -607C/-137C and -607A/-137C haplotypes in chronic hepatitis B groups were significantly lower than that in normal controls. The association between genotypes of IL-18 promoter region polymorphisms and HBV copies showed that the frequency of -607AA genotype in high HBV-DNA copies groups was lower than that in low HBV-DNA copies groups (x2=6.03, P=0.014 <0.05). CONCLUSION: The polymorphisms of the promoter region of IL-18 gene at position -607 and -137 are closely associated with susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B. The people with allele C at position -137 in the promoter of IL-18 gene may be protected against HBV infection; moreover AA genotype at position -607 may be closely linked to inhibit HBV-DNA replication. These findings give some new clues to the study of pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B.

Ulcerative colitis in a multiracial Asian country: Racial difference and clinical presentation among Malaysian patients

AIM： To determine the prevalence of ulcerative colitis （UC） in Malaysian patients and to establish the spectrum of the disease seen in Malaysian patients. METHODS： Data were obtained retrospectively from a review of the medical records of in- and out-patients with a diagnosis of UC at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur between 1985 and 1998. RESULTS： There were 45 confirmed cases of UC, of which 3 were foreigners, who were excluded from analysis. Thirty new cases of UC were diagnosed during the study period. Their mean age at presentation was 33.0±10.0 years. The highest prevalence of UC was 17.9/100 000 hospital admissions in the Indians, followed by 11.2/100 000 hospital admissions in the Chinese. The lowest prevalence was 3.7/100 000 hospital admissions in the Malays. The prevalence of UC was significantly higher in the Indians and the Chinese when compared with the Malays with an OR of 4.89 （CI = 2.02-12.24; x^2 = 15.45, P〈0.001） and 3.06 （CI = 1.24-7.78; x^2= 6.30; P= 0.012） respectively. The extent of colonic disease Was similar in the Malay and Indian patients. In contrast, distal or left-sided colitis predominated in the Chinese with an OR of 8.17 （95%CI = 1.31-64.87; x^2 = 5.53, P = 0.02）. Extraintestinal manifestations were uncommon （11.9%）. CONCLUSION： UC is an uncommon disease in Malaysia, but racial differences exist. The Indians had the highest prevalence of UC with the Chinese demonstrating the least extensive disease.

Research on Hepatitis B virus Genotypes and Subgenotypes among Bai Nationality in Dali, Yunnan Province

To investigate the distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and subgenotypes among the Bai nationality in Dali, a total of 100 serum samples from patients with chronic HBV-infection were collected for the detection of HBV genotypes and subgenotypes by genotype-specific primers and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RLFP), respectively. Among the 100 samples, the proportions of genotype B, C and mixed genotype (B+C) were 41%, 25% and 34%, respectively. All the genotype B strains belonged to subgenotype Ba. In genotype C, 84% were Subgenotype Cs and 12% were subgenotype Ce. The distribution of genotypes B, C and B+C showed no significant difference between male and female patients (P=0.182) and among the age groups of patients (P=0.812). The rates of HBeAg/HBeAg positivity were no significantly different among genotypes B, genotype C and mixed genotype (B+C) (P=0.077/P=0.663). In Dali, genotypes B, B+C and C existed among Bai nationality with chronic HBV-infection, and genotype B was the major genotype. Subgenotypes Ba and Cs were the predominant strains in patients with HBV genotype B/C infection. The most prominent characteristic was the higher prevalent rate of mixed genotype (B+C) in patients.

Hepatitis C risk assessment,testing and referral for treatment in urban primary care:Role of race and ethnicity

AIM: To determine rates of hepatitis C (HCV) risk factor ascertainment, testing, and referral in urban primary care practices, with particular attention to the effect of race and ethnicity. METHODS: Retrospective chart review from four primary care sites in Philadelphia; two academic primary care practices and two community clinics was performed. Demographics, HCV risk factors, and other risk exposure information were collected. RESULTS: Four thousand four hundred and seven charts were reviewed. Providers documented histories of injection drug use (IDU) and transfusion for less than 20% and 5% of patients, respectively. Only 55% of patients who admitted IDU were tested for HCV. Overall, minorities were more likely to have information regarding a risk factor documented than their white counterparts (79% vs 68%, P < 0.0001). Hispanics were less likely to have a risk factor history documented, compared to blacks and whites (P < 0.0001). Overall, minorities were less likely to be tested for HCV than whites in the presence of a known risk factor (23% vs 35%, P = 0.004). Among patients without documentation of risk factors, blacks and Hispanics were more likely to be tested than whites (20% and 24%, vs 13%, P < 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSION: (1) Documentation of an HCV risk factor history in urban primary care is uncommon, (2)Racial differences exist with respect to HCV risk factor ascertainment and testing, (3) Minority patients, positive for HCV, are less likely to be referred for subspecialty care and treatment. Overall, minorities are less likely to be tested for HCV than whites in the presence of a known risk factor.

Prevalence and risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Qashqai migrating nomads, southern Iran

AIM： To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease （GERD） symptoms in Qashqai migrating nomads with a different life style in Fars province, southern Iran. METHODS： In summer 2006, 748 Qashqai migrating nomads aged 25 years or more were enrolled using a multiple-stage stratified cluster random sampling method. A questionnaire consisting of demographic characteristics, lifestyle and GERD symptoms （heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, dysphagia, hoarseness and cough） as completed for each subject. RESULTS： The questionnaire was completed in 717 subjects. The prevalence rate of GERD, defined as reflux occurring at least one time per week in the preceding year, was 33% （237 subjects）. The prevalence was higher in older individuals （36.0% vs 28.9%, P 〈 0.05） and in those with other gastrointestinal complaints （51.0% vs 27.8%, P 〈 0.001）, but not different in obese and non-obese subjects. It was also higher in those consuming fruits and vegetables more than once a week （36.2% vs 17.3%, P 〈 0.001）. GERD had a positive correlation with smoking （42.1% vs 27.8%, P 〈 0.001）, but a negative relation with non-alcoholic beverages. The association between GERD and non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs （NSAIDs） consumption was also significant （40.2% vs 25.4%, P 〈 0.001）. CONCLUSION： The prevalence of GERD （33%） is very high in Qashqai migrating nomads which may be due to a lower socioeconomic and educational level of these people and difference in the life style. Older age, frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables, smoking and NSAIDs are risk factors for GERD in this population.

略论“邾娄文化”与儒墨

古代的邾娄族,对我们中华民族的古代文化,作出了卓越而光辉的贡献。当代著名的学者王献唐先生,在他所著的《炎黄氏族文化考》、《山东古国考》、《春秋邾分三国考》等书中已作了详细地论述和崇高的评价,无须再作补赘。在这里,我只谈谈"邾娄文化"与儒、墨的有关问题,藉以请求专家学者指正。

Characteristics of pathogenic microorganisms found in 99 cases of conjunctivitis from the Qinghai Tibetan area

Morbidity associated with conjunctivitis is higher in developing countries,particularly among children,because of the poorer standards of living（Azari and Barney,2013;Yetman and Coody,1997）.Presently,little is known regarding the microorganisms that cause conjunctivitis in the remote area of Chinese Tibet.In particular,it is difficult to monitor and control the occurrence of conjunctivitis in children from this area.

Etiological characteristics of chlamydia trachoma conjunctivitis of Primary Boarding School students in the Qinghai Tibetan area

The aim of this study was to investigate the etiological characteristics of Chlamydia trachomatis conjunctivitis among resident students at primary schools in the Qinghai Tibetan area in order to understand the distribution of C. trachomatis and other pathogenic microorganisms, to detect the isolation rate of infectious pathogens, and to provide an evidence for further targeted efforts in the prevent of sporadic trachoma efforts. From two primary schools in Qinghai Province, ocular samples from 35 students who were clinically diagnosed as trachoma cases and 60 normal controls were obtained by swabbing their upper eyelids and lower conjunctival sacs. Samples were preserved at 4°C and airlifted to Beijing Tongren Hospital within 24 h. Real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) was used to screen for C. trachomatis, and nested PCR was used to amplify a fragment of the omp A gene for serotype confirmation. Bacterial cultivation and sensitivity tests were conducted based on the 2015 version of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus were screened by RT-PCR. Among the 35 students with trachoma, 8 came from the Jianshetang Primary School and 27 came from the Central Primary School. Two novel C. trachomatis B serotypes(Gen Bank accession numbers KU737520 and KU737521) were detected based on a sequence analysis of the omp A gene. Single C. trachomatis infections accounted for 42.86%(9/21) of the cases, and infections with multiple bacteria, particularly Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, accounted for the remaining 57.14%(12/21). Of the 14 C. trachomatis-negative samples, one was positive for adenoviral infection(serotype D) and 13 were positive for bacterial infections(H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, streptococci other than S. pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacterium, and Arthrobacterium). In addition to C. trachomatis, the other bacteria and virus that were detected in the boarding students of primary schools in the Qinghai Tibetan area should be emphasized in trachoma prevention and control.