不同木材种类炭化率的研究(英文)

根据木材本身的材性缺陷和木材加工厂的废料存量情况，选择了岑树、山毛榉、花旗松、橡木、白杨和云杉作为研究对象，研究了这些木材在实验室热解条件下炭产品的生产能力。在390～672℃范围内，共做28次分组热解试验，试验时间为2h，每组10个试件；390～440℃范围内，共做8次分组热解试验，试验时间为1h，每组10个试件。分别测试了试件在热解试验前后的质量损失和体积的变化，特别是试件在热解实验后的炭化率。结果表明：所有树种的试件在500℃时完全炭化，试件的相对质量损失约为25％，试件的三维收缩约为30％（T）、25％（R）、20％（L）。不同树种试件的炭化率是相同的，木材的炭化率和树种无关，木材热解炭化后的理论孔隙率经验公式为ε=100—30ρ0i，通过此公式可研究木材的初始干燥密度预测其生产炭产品的性能。

小型搅拌热解气回燃式生物质炭化炉设计与试验

针对传统炭化工艺温度不均、尾气净化难、能量消耗大的问题,设计了一种小型搅拌热解气回燃式生物质炭化设备。采用双螺旋带搅拌,使生物质横向对流,受热均匀;设计热解气引流装置使其回流至燃烧室引燃,减少热解气排放的同时,为生物质炭化提供能量,降低了炭化能量投入。基于计算机仿真技术建立了样机模型,并对炭化炉温度场及热流场进行了矢量分析,计算结果表明炉内温度分布均匀。设计了炭化炉样机,以稻壳为原料进行生物质炭化试验。结果表明,热解气引燃后炭化室温度能够保证生物质炭化所需条件。正交试验结果表明,最佳炭化率因素水平组合为:螺旋搅拌器转速为43 r/min、炭化室物料充满系数为88.68%、炭化时间为15 min,此时,炭化率最高为50.86%。

同轴静电纺丝参数对聚丙烯腈中空碳纳米纤维形态与炭化收率的影响

为制备可实用聚丙烯腈(PAN)中空碳纳米纤维,考察了同轴静电场施加方式、芯层组分及芯层针头直径对PAN碳纳米纤维中空结构的稳定形成及其炭化收率的影响。实验结果表明:芯层组分会影响PAN纳米纤维壳-芯结构及其碳纳米纤维中空结构的形成,静电场施加方式和芯层针头直径的影响不大。扫描电子显微镜观察结果显示,以聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)溶液或甲基硅油为芯层的PAN碳纳米纤维横截面呈明显的中空结构,以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)溶液或空气为芯层时则呈实芯结构。以PMMA溶液为芯层时,由于芯层与壳层PAN具有相同的溶剂二甲基甲酰胺却又互不相溶,因而PAN纳米纤维能稳定形成壳-芯结构且壳-芯界面相容性好,炭化后的PAN中空碳纳米纤维表面形态最好,中空结构较为规则,炭化收率为28%~31%。

重型木结构抗火设计方法介绍

树木在生长过程中吸收二氧化碳,排出氧气;同时木材又是可再生和循环再利用的建筑材料,因此越来越多的木结构被应用于现代居住和公共建筑物中。为了更好地了解重型木结构抗火性能及其抗火设计方法,在已有研究成果和文献的基础上,详细地介绍了火灾下木材的温度、力学和炭化特性,并介绍了国外关于木材炭化率的计算公式;根据炭化率计算公式及其火灾下木材力学性能介绍了火灾下受拉和受弯重型木构件承载力的计算。最后介绍的重型木结构抗火设计方法,可供实际重型木结构工程抗火设计参考。

不同燃气环境下硅橡胶绝热材料烧蚀特性试验研究

在气相燃气环境、含Al2O3两相燃气环境中,对硅橡胶绝热材料开展了烧蚀试验研究,分析了不同燃气环境下燃气流速对材料的炭化烧蚀率、炭化层结构特征及炭化层成分分布的影响。试验结果表明,炭化层及热解层膨胀幅度很大,导致的热传导路径增长不可忽略;在烧蚀发动机高温燃气环境中,燃气流速增大对炭化层有明显减薄作用,热解气体溢出受阻对炭化层产生的内压作用以及热应力可能使炭化层结构破坏,炭化层主要成分的摩尔含量沿厚度方向有基本相同的变化趋势;富氧环境中的炭化烧蚀率最大,且烧蚀机理与烧蚀发动机环境有较大区别。

飞行加速度对固体发动机后封头绝热层烧蚀的影响

固体火箭发动机后封头绝热层的炭化烧蚀率与飞行加速度有关。概述了国内外在这方面的一些研究情况,着重讲述了固体火箭发动机后封头内绝热层烧蚀的实验研究。实验表明:不同材料的绝热层在加速度作用下烧蚀率明显不同。在加速度作用下,后封头内绝热层的炭化烧蚀率小于静止状态的炭化烧蚀率。

Influence of coal blending on mineral transformation at high temperatures

Transformation of mineral matter is important for coal utilization at high temperatures.This is especially true for blended coal.XRD and FTIR were employed together to study the transformation of mineral matter at high temperature in blended coals.It was found that the concentration of catalytic minerals, namely iron oxides, increases with an increasing ratio of Shenfu coal, which could improve coal gasification.The transformation characteristics of the minerals in blended coals are not exactly predictable from the blend ratio.This was proved by comparing the iron oxide content to the blending ratio.The results from FTIR are comparable with those from XRD.FTIR is an effective method for examining variation in mineral matter.

Comparison on Thermal Conductivity and Permeability of Granular and Consolidated Activated Carbon for Refrigeration

This paper focuses on the development of three types of activated carbon （AC） adsorbents, i.e. granular AC, consolidated AC with chemical binder, and consolidated AC with expanded natural graphite （ENG）. Their thermal conductivity was investigated with the steady-state heat source method and the permeability was tested with nitrogen as the gas source. Results show that the thermal conductivity of granular AC with different sizes al-most maintains a constant at 0.36 W-（m.K）-＇, while the value modestly increases to 0.40 W.（m.K）-＇ for the con- solidated AC with chemical binder. The consolidated AC with ENG at the density of 600 kg. m-3 shows the best heat transfer performance and their thermal conductivity vary from 2.08 W-（m.K）- to 2.61 W. （m.K）-1 according toits fraction of AC. However, the granular AC and consolidated AC with chemical binder show the better permeabil- ity performance than consolidated AC with ENG binder whose permeability changes from 6.98x10-13 m2 to 5.16x10TM m2 and the maximum occurs when the content of AC reaches 71.4% （by mass）. According to the differ- ent thermal properties, the refrigeration application of three types of adsorbents is analyzed.

Decreased Soil Nitrification Rate with Addition of Biochar to Acid Soils

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of mixed biochar on the nitrification rate in acidic soils. A15 N tracer experiment with(15 NH4)2 SO4 was conducted to determine the nitrification rates of 4 acidic agricultural soils with p H 4.03-6.02 in Yunnan Province, Southern China. The accumulation of15 N-NO3-and nitrification rates decreased with the addition of biochar at the end of incubation, suggesting that biochar could be a nitrification inhibitor in acidic fertilized soil. Nitrification rates in soil with p H 4.03 were evidently lower than those in soil with p H 4.81-6.02 with or without biochar. Decreased nitrification rates were detected in the acidic soils with biochar. Soil p H controlled nitrification more than biochar in certain strongly acidic soils.

不同溶剂对煤的抽提效果的研究

煤是组成极其复杂的化合物,现代煤化学理论认为,煤的基本结构单元是以缩合芳环为主体的带有侧链和多种官能团的大分子,结构单元之间通过桥键相连。由于煤组分的复杂性,对其直接研究很难,所以一般通过溶剂抽提的办法来破坏煤大分子中原有的物理键,以此来获得小分子结构。煤的溶剂抽提,即煤-煤、煤-溶剂间分子作用力的体现。当溶剂的分子键力大于煤中的电子给予/接受体键力时,煤中小分子结构就被分离出来[1]。抽提溶剂一般为强氢键的受体,它通过削弱或破坏煤分子间作用力,增加煤的溶剂性,从而实现抽提。一些溶剂抽提现象亦可反映煤分子的结构与性质,为煤的深度加工提供理论依据。

The effect of modification of matrix on densification efficiency of pitch based carbon composites

Using coal tar pitch as a matrix precursor to prepare carbon materials is widelyused by impregnation/carbonization processing technology.Four different grades of coaltar pitch and a natural pitch were characterized in terms of carbon yield, density, viscosity,and fractionation with solvents, as well as by thermal analysis methods.The suitability ofthese commercially available matrices for densification of 3 dimensional carbon-carboncomposites was examined.The theoretical results compared with experimental results.The highest density after impregnation was obtained using one of the coal tar pitches.Thepredicted results are in reasonable agreement with experiment data.The significance ofthis research is that a special heat treatment regime was conducted.The effects of modificationtemperature on the densification efficiency of composites were investigated andthen structure and characteristics of the composites were determined by scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD).

Analysis of Energy Consumption and Energy Conservation Measures for RFCCU at Shengli Petrochemical Company

This article introduces a string of energy conservation measures adopted over the past sev- eral years by the RFCC unit at Shengli Petrochemical Complex, including the optimization of feedstock properties, the adoption of high-efficiency atomizing nozzles, the revamp of CO boiler, the atomization by means of dry gas, the post-burning of flue gas as well as the application of frequency converting machines and pumps, resulting in ideal effects. The energy consumption of the RFCC unit was gradually decreased to 2984.25 MJ/t from the original level of 3716.99 MJ/t. After comparing basic energy con- sumption values with actual consumption values, the authors have set forward measures for further energy conservation, such as the recovery of low-temperature excess heat contained in oil/gas streams exiting from the fractionation tower top, addition of the fourth cyclone, delivery of hot oil slurry, and heat tracing with hot water.

Control of combustion area using electrical resistivity method for underground coal gasification

Underground coal gasification （UCG） is one of the clean technologies to collect heat energy and gases （hydrogen, methane, etc.） in an underground coal seam. It is necessary to further developing environ- mentally friendly UCG system construction. One of the most important UCG＇s problems is underground control of combustion area for efficient gas production, estimation of subsidence and gas leakage to the surface. For this objective, laboratory experiments were conducted according to the UCG model to iden- ti[y the process of combustion cavity development by monitoring the electrical resistivity activity on the coal samples to setup fundamental data for the technology engineering to evaluate combustion area. While burning coal specimens, that had been sampled from various coal deposits, electrical resistivity was monitored. Symmetric four electrodes system （ABMN） of direct and low-frequency current electric resistance method was used for laboratory resistivity measurement of rock samples. Made research and the results suggest that front-end of electro conductivity activity during heating and combusting of coal specimen depended on heating temperature. Combusting coal electro conductivity has compli- cated multistage type of change. Electrical resistivity method is expected to be a useful geophysical tool to for evaluation of combustion volume and its migration in the coal seam.

Experimental study on removal nitrogen oxide of flue gas by using solid absorbents

With the rapid development of modem industry and increase of consumption of the coal, petroleum and natural gas etc., emission of nitrogen oxide （NOx） from flue gas has air environment quality worsen day by day. This research work is experimental study on removal low concentration NOx of flue gas by using solid absorbents. The experiment result shown that denification rate by modified activated carbon is higher than that of modified zeolite and rectorite. Average denitrification rate is 65.47% and maximum denitrification rate is 95.82% for activated carbon; average denitrification rate is respectively as 43.29% and 36.18%, maximum denitrification rate is respectively as 87.51% and 79.47% for modified zeolite and rectorite. Experiment results indicated that NO adsorption process of activated carbon can be described by Freudlich adsorption mode, K=0.143 and n=2.842 and Freudlich adsorption isotherm equation is： q = 0.143MO^0.3519.

Reliability emulation of production system on longwall face

Based on the theory of random process and the characteristic of the functioning of a system component subject to a certain specific probability distribution, emulated the whole process of system production on Iongwall face was emulated, in which the methods of time pace and computer random emulation were adopted. The paper provides an objective basis for the analysis of a mining Iongwall face and the varied lines of effectiveness, machine stoppage rate and coal flow of components and system, and output etc.lt also offers some theories to improve productivity by discussing the application of the transformation plan and optimization of reasonable coal stock capacity, as well as selection of system equipment and matching optimization.

Effect of Biochar Addition on Maize Growth and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Acidic Red Soils

Biochar added to soil can improve crop growth through both direct and indirect effects, particularly in acidic, highly weathered soils in subtropical and tropical regions. However, the mechanisms of biochar improving crop growth are not well understood. The objectives of this study were i) to determine the crop responses to biochar addition and ii) to understand the effect of biochar addition on N use efficiency. Seven acidic red soils varying in texture, p H, and soil nutrient were taken from southern China and subjected to four treatments: zero biochar and fertilizer as a control(CK), 10 g kg-1biochar(BC), NPK fertilizers(NPK), and 10 g kg-1biochar plus NPK fertilizers(BC+NPK).15N-labeled fertilizer was used as a tracer to assess N use efficiency. After a 46-d pot experiment,biochar addition increased soil p H and available P, and decreased soil exchangable Al3+, but did not impact soil availabe N and cation exchange capacity(P > 0.05). The N use efficiency and N retained in the soil were not significantly affected by biochar application except for the soil with the lowest available P(3.81 mg kg-1) and highest exchanageable Al3+(4.54 cmol kg-1). Greater maize biomass was observed in all soils amended with biochar compared to soils without biochar(BC vs. CK, BC+NPK vs. NPK). This agronomic effect was negatively related to the concentration of soil exchangeable Al3+(P < 0.1). The results of this study implied that the liming effect of biochar improved plant growth through alleviating Al toxicity and P deficiency, especially in poor acidic red soils.