Modified carbol fuchsin staining method was successfully introduced into the karyotype analyses of mar/ne algae, including Porphyra, Undaria pinnatifida and Laminaria japonica. Haploid chromosomes were numbered clearl...Modified carbol fuchsin staining method was successfully introduced into the karyotype analyses of mar/ne algae, including Porphyra, Undaria pinnatifida and Laminaria japonica. Haploid chromosomes were numbered clearly in the vegetative, spermatangial and conchosporangial cells of P. haitanensis and P. yezoensis. Diploid chromosomes were observed and numbered in immature conchosporangial cells of P. haitanensis and P. yezoensis. Pit-connections of Porphyra were also clearly demonstrated. Prophase chromosomes of conchocelis cells were also clearly stained with modified carbol fuchsin. One molar per liter hydrochloric hydrolysis at 60℃ for 7-8 min is necessary for getting transparent cytoplasm for conchosporangial karyotype analysis of Porphyra. Staining effects of the three methods using iron alum acetocarmine, aceto-iron-haematoxylin-chloral hydrate and modified carbol fuchsin were compared on the vegetative, spermatangial and conchosporangial cells of Porphyra and the gametophytes of U. pinnatifida and L. japonica. Among the three methods, the modified carbol fuchsin method gave the best result of deep staining and good contrast between nucleus and cytoplasm.展开更多
Tight reservoirs are widely distributed, especially in coal measure strata. Identification of the densification mechanism of the tight sandstone reservoirs is critical in effectively exploring and exploiting tight gas...Tight reservoirs are widely distributed, especially in coal measure strata. Identification of the densification mechanism of the tight sandstone reservoirs is critical in effectively exploring and exploiting tight gasoil resources. In this study, the gas for mation from type III organic matter in coal was kinetically modeled for the whole diagenetic stage, from the shallow buried biogas generation stage to the deep buried thermal gas generation stage. The results demonstrated that during hydrocarbon formation, quantities of nonhydrocarbon gases, such as CO2, were generated. The proportion of CO2 is about 50%70% of that of the C15, which far exceeds the CO2 content （05%） in the natural gas in the sedimentary basins. Geological case study analysis showed that a considerable part of the ＂lost＂ gaseous CO2 was converted into carbonate cement under favorable envi ronments. Under the ideal conditions, the volume of the carbonate cement transformed from total CO2 generated by 1 m3 coal （Junggar Basin Jurassic, TOC 67%） can amount to 0.32 m3. Obviously, this process plays a very important role in the for mation of tight sandstone reservoirs in the coal measures. Our results also show that the kinetic generation processes of Ci5 and CO2 are asynchronous. There are two main stages of CO2 generation, one at the weak diagenetic stage and the other at the overmature stage, which are different from largescale multistage hydrocarbon gas generation. Therefore, we can understand the mechanism of tight gas charging by determining the filling time for a tight gas reservoir and the key period of CO2 genera tion. Further analysis and correlation studies of a specific region are of great significance for determining the mechanism and modeling gas charging in tight reservoirs. It should be noted that the formation of tight sandstone reservoirs is the combined result of complex organicinorganic and waterrockhydrocarbon interactions. The details of spatial and temporal distributions of the carbonate cement derived from the organic C02, which combines with metal ions （Ca/Mg/Fe） in the formation water, should be further investigated.展开更多
文摘Modified carbol fuchsin staining method was successfully introduced into the karyotype analyses of mar/ne algae, including Porphyra, Undaria pinnatifida and Laminaria japonica. Haploid chromosomes were numbered clearly in the vegetative, spermatangial and conchosporangial cells of P. haitanensis and P. yezoensis. Diploid chromosomes were observed and numbered in immature conchosporangial cells of P. haitanensis and P. yezoensis. Pit-connections of Porphyra were also clearly demonstrated. Prophase chromosomes of conchocelis cells were also clearly stained with modified carbol fuchsin. One molar per liter hydrochloric hydrolysis at 60℃ for 7-8 min is necessary for getting transparent cytoplasm for conchosporangial karyotype analysis of Porphyra. Staining effects of the three methods using iron alum acetocarmine, aceto-iron-haematoxylin-chloral hydrate and modified carbol fuchsin were compared on the vegetative, spermatangial and conchosporangial cells of Porphyra and the gametophytes of U. pinnatifida and L. japonica. Among the three methods, the modified carbol fuchsin method gave the best result of deep staining and good contrast between nucleus and cytoplasm.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40873031)China Petroleum Foundation (Grant Nos. 2012Y-011, 2011B-0601)National Oil and Gas Special Foundation (Grant No. 2011ZX05007-001)
文摘Tight reservoirs are widely distributed, especially in coal measure strata. Identification of the densification mechanism of the tight sandstone reservoirs is critical in effectively exploring and exploiting tight gasoil resources. In this study, the gas for mation from type III organic matter in coal was kinetically modeled for the whole diagenetic stage, from the shallow buried biogas generation stage to the deep buried thermal gas generation stage. The results demonstrated that during hydrocarbon formation, quantities of nonhydrocarbon gases, such as CO2, were generated. The proportion of CO2 is about 50%70% of that of the C15, which far exceeds the CO2 content （05%） in the natural gas in the sedimentary basins. Geological case study analysis showed that a considerable part of the ＂lost＂ gaseous CO2 was converted into carbonate cement under favorable envi ronments. Under the ideal conditions, the volume of the carbonate cement transformed from total CO2 generated by 1 m3 coal （Junggar Basin Jurassic, TOC 67%） can amount to 0.32 m3. Obviously, this process plays a very important role in the for mation of tight sandstone reservoirs in the coal measures. Our results also show that the kinetic generation processes of Ci5 and CO2 are asynchronous. There are two main stages of CO2 generation, one at the weak diagenetic stage and the other at the overmature stage, which are different from largescale multistage hydrocarbon gas generation. Therefore, we can understand the mechanism of tight gas charging by determining the filling time for a tight gas reservoir and the key period of CO2 genera tion. Further analysis and correlation studies of a specific region are of great significance for determining the mechanism and modeling gas charging in tight reservoirs. It should be noted that the formation of tight sandstone reservoirs is the combined result of complex organicinorganic and waterrockhydrocarbon interactions. The details of spatial and temporal distributions of the carbonate cement derived from the organic C02, which combines with metal ions （Ca/Mg/Fe） in the formation water, should be further investigated.
