语像翻译策略及跨文化跨媒介操纵——跨文化语像翻译初探

语言和图像间的相互阐释具有选择性和互补性,两者间的跨媒介翻译策略称为点释和继释。跨文化语境下点释继释与归化异化结合,可生成指示意义和隐含意义的真假二重奏,表明跨文化语像翻译蕴涵跨文化、跨媒介操纵空间,揭示跨文化语像译文所生产知识的真实性是有条件和边界的。

Effects of CO_2 Dilution on Methane Ignition in Moderate or Intense Low-oxygen Dilution(MILD) Combustion:A Numerical Study

Homogeneous mixtures of CH4/air under moderate or intense low-oxygen dilution（MILD） combustion conditions were numerically studied to clarify the fundamental effects of exhaust gas recirculation（EGR）,espe-cially CO2 in EGR gases,on ignition characteristics.Specifically,effects of CO2 addition on autoignition delay time were emphasized at temperature between 1200 K and 1600 K for a wide range of the lean-to-rich equivalence ratio（0.2~2）.The results showed that the ignition delay time increased with equivalence ratio or CO2 dilution ratio.Fur-thermore,ignition delay time was seen to be exponentially related with the reciprocal of initial temperature.Special concern was given to the chemical effects of CO2 on the ignition delay time.The enhancement of ignition delay time with CO2 addition can be mainly ascribed to the decrease of H,O and OH radicals.The predictions of tem-perature profiles and mole fractions of CO and CO2 were strongly related to the chemical effects of CO2.A single ignition time correlation was obtained in form of Arrhenius-type for the entire range of conditions as a function of temperature,CH4 mole fraction and O2 mole fraction.This correlation could successfully capture the complex be-haviors of ignition of CH4/air/CO2 mixture.The results can be applied to MILD combustion as ＂reference time＂,for example,to predict ignition delay time in turbulent reacting flow.

Auto-Ignition and Heat Release Correlations for Controlled Auto-Ignition Combustion in Gasoline Engines

Auto-ignition and heat release correlations for controlled auto-ignition(CAI)combustion were derived from extensive in-cylinder pressure data of a four-stroke gasoline engine operating in CAI combustion mode.Abundant experiments were carried out under a wide range of air/fuel ratio,speed and residual gas fraction to ensure that the combustion correlations can be used in the entire CAI engine operation range.Furthermore,a more accurate method to compute the residual gas fraction was proposed by calculating the working fluid temperature at the exhaust valve close timing in the experiments.The heat release correlation was described in two parts,one is for the first slower heat release process at low temperature,and the other is for the second faster heat release process at high temperature.Finally the heat release correlation was evaluated on the single cylinder gasoline engine running with CAI combustion by comparing the experimental data with the 1-D engine simulation results obtained with the aid of the GT-Power simulation program.The results show that the predicted loads and ignition timings match closely with the measurements.

CO_(2)-diluted CH_(4)-air premixed spherical flames with microwave-assisted spark ignition

The performance of microwave-assisted spark ignition(MAI)under exhaust gas recirculation conditions was explored with CO_(2)-diluted CH-air premixed spherical flames in a constant volume combustion chamber.The flame kernel radius at 5 ms after spark started was selected to evaluate the property of MAI for CO_(2)dilution ratio of 0-20%and equivalence ratio of 0.6-1.4 with 1 kHz microwave pulse repetition frequency under 0.2 MPa ambient pressure.The results showed that the addition of microwave induced some wrinkles on the flame surface and strongly deformed the flame.MAI expanded the limit of CO_(2)dilution ratio to 16%with an equivalence ratio of 0.75,in which case the spark only(SI)failed to ignite the mixture.With the CO_(2)dilution ratio increasing,the wrinkles induced by microwave pulses decreased apparently,and the enhancement value of MAI peaked at 4%CO_(2)dilution ratio.The effect of microwave was considered in two aspects,namely,reaction kinetics and thermal effect,which shows a“trade-off”as CO_(2)dilution ratio rose.With 8%volume of CO_(2)added,the flammable interval(equivalence ratio 0.6-1.2)of mixture in SI mode shrunk,and MAI can maintain a flammable interval consistency with the case that no CO_(2)was added.

Effect of loading rate on fracture characteristics of rock

The three-point bending experiments were applied to investigating effects of loading rates on fracture toughness of Huanglong limestone. The fracture toughness of Huanglong limestone was measured over a wide range of loading rates from 9 × 10-4 to 1.537 MPa.m1/2/s. According to the approximate relationship between static and dynamic fracture toughness of Huanglong limestone, relationship between the growth velocity of crack and dynamic fracture toughness was obtained. The main conclusions are summarized as follows. （1） When the loading rate is higher than 0.027 MPa-ml/2/s, the fracture toughness of Huanglong limestone increases markedly with increasing loading rate. However, when loading rate is lower than 0.027 MPa-ml/2/s, fracture toughness slightly increases with an increase in loading rate. （2） It is found from experimental results that fracture toughness is linearly proportional to the logarithmic expression of loading rate. （3） For Huanglong limestone, when the growth velocity of crack is lower than 100 m/s, the energy release rate slightly decreases with increasing the growth velocity of crack. However, when the growth velocity of crack is higher than 1 000 m/s, the energy release rate dramatically decreases with an increase in the crack growth velocity.

Phase Transitions of a Dilute O（n） Model

We investigate tricritical behavior of the O(n) model in two dimensions by means of transfer-matrix and finite-size scaling methods. For this purpose we consider an O(n) symmetric spin model on the honeycomb lattice with vacancies; the tricritical behavior is associated with the percolation threshold of the vacancies. The vacancies are represented by face variables on the elementary hexagons of thelattice. We apply a mapping of the spin degrees of freedom model on a non-intersecting-loop model, in which the number n of spin components assumes the role of a continuously variable parameter. This loop model serves as a suitable basis for the construction of the transfer matrix.Our results reveal the existence of a tricritical line, parametrized by n, which connects the known universality classes of the tricritical Ising model and the theta point describing the collapse of a polymer. On the other side of theIsing point,the tricritical line extends to the n = 2 point describing a tricritical O(2) model.

Optimization and characterization of nimesulide bilayer tablets by response surface methodology

The objectives of this present investigation were to develop and formulate nimesulide bilayer tablets by using different polymer combinations and fillers, to optimize the formulations for different drug release variables by orthogonal design and central composite design-surface methodology and to evaluate drug release pattern of the optimized product. The bilayer tablet containing a fast release layer（FRL） and a sustained release layer（SRL） provided an initial burst release of nimesulide, followed by the sustained release for a period of time. The optimal formulation obtained was as follows：（I） the formulation of FRL： nimesulide, 50 mg; lactose, 92 mg; starch, 22 mg; CCMC-Na, 14 mg; PVP K30, 1 mg; micronized silica gel, 1 mg; magnesium stearate, 0.9 mg; and iron oxide red, 0.1 mg; and（II） the formulation of SRL： nimesulide, 150 mg; HPMC K100LV, 26 mg; HPMC K4M, 33 mg; lactose, 54 mg; PVP K30, 1 mg; micronized silica gel, 1 mg; and magnesium stearate, 0.9 mg. According to the optimal formulation, the biphasic type of release was identified. The in vitro drug dissolution from the bilayer tablets was sustained for about 16 h after releasing 15% of drug in the first 10 min. The developed nimesulide bilayer tablets with improved efficacy can perform therapeutically better than the conventional tablets.

Rational maps as Schwarzian primitives

We examine when a meromorphic quadratic differential φ with prescribed poles is the Schwarzian derivative of a rational map. We give a necessary and sufficient condition: In the Laurent series of φ around each pole c, the most singular term should take the form(1- d2)/(2(z- c)2), where d is an integer, and then a certain determinant in the next d coefficients should vanish. This condition can be optimized by neglecting some information on one of the poles(i.e., by only requiring it to be a double pole). The case d = 2 was treated by Eremenko(2012). We show that a geometric interpretation of our condition is that the complex projective structure induced by φ outside the poles has a trivial holonomy group. This statement was suggested to us by Thurston in a private communication. Our work is related to the problem of finding a rational map f with a prescribed set of critical points, since the critical points of f are precisely the poles of its Schwarzian derivative.Finally, we study the pole-dependency of these Schwarzian derivatives. We show that, in the cubic case with simple critical points, an analytic dependency fails precisely when the poles are displaced at the vertices of a regular ideal tetrahedron of the hyperbolic 3-ball.