环境中石油烃污染物组分的气相色谱分析

采用硅胶/氧化铝层析柱分别对原油及污染土壤中的油组分进行了分离,得到了胶质和沥青质、饱和烃、芳烃和极性物等组分,回收率达90%以上;通过气相色谱法(GC)和重量法对受污染土壤和水体的石油烃(TPHs)所进行的定量分析结果表明:以20#柴油为标准油,用GC法对水相中低浓度石油烃含量的测定效果较好;而用重量法测定受污染土壤中的油含量可以满足对环境样品的要求,利用GC图判别原油烃的指纹特征对于分析原油组成在环境中的变化具有重要意义。

围隔实验中海洋浮游植物对石油烃污染物中正构烷烃的生物富集

本文应用海洋围隔生态实验研究了浮游植物对石油烃污染物生物富集动力学过程 ,提出了“水相差法”测定海洋浮游植物体内石油烃浓度 ,以及包括石油烃挥发和生物生长等影响因素的石油烃生物富集动力学模型 ,并利用非线性拟合技术得到了海洋浮游植物对 0 #柴油 WAF中正构烷烃的生物富集动力学参数 kup,kel和 BCFPOC,结果与 Kováts色谱保留指数具有很好的相关性 ,与利用生物分析平衡法测定的文献数据基本一致。本模型及实验方法简便可靠 ,可在现场实验中广泛应用 ,得到的动力学参数应用于多介质环境模型和生态动力学模型 。

长春市空气中气相有机烃污染物的时空分布规律

从1997年9月～1998年7月对长春市空气中气相有机烃污染物进行布点监测.实测结果表明，气相有机烃类污染值冬季最高，春季最低．交通路口非甲烷总烃（NMHC）值目变化呈双峰规律，工业区NMHC值日变化呈单峰．随着采样高度的增加，NMHC值逐渐减小．

大武水源地地下水生物降解烃污染物的机理

近几年的环境调查研究表明，山东省淄博市大武地下水水源地上游邻近石化厂区出现严重的地下管道石油污染物持续泄漏的现象。堠皋—柳杭地段地下水环境在成为集中污染区的同时，水化学环境也发生了迥然的变化：地下水中电子接受体溶解氧、ＮＯ－３几乎未检出，ＳＯ４２－呈低值分布。这是因为地下水中存在微生物降解烃污染物的作用所致，其作用机理包括需氧降解、脱硝降解、脱硫降解以及有Ｆｅ３＋参与的降解作用。然而由于该地段需氧降解、脱硝降解难以持续自行进行，导致生物降解污染物的速度降低。进一步研究生物降解速度，以提高地下水中电子接受体的浓度，增强微生物的活性，将有利于治理方案的制订与实施。

胜利油田埕岛工区石油烃污染物的降解与回收

针对结合胜利油田海上埕岛工区油轮井口采油、油品装卸运输等作业特点与胜利海域环境特点,探讨溢油事故的措施与对策,从而加强海洋石油烃污染物的治理。

某油库地下水石油烃污染物运移规律及水动力阻截技术模拟

基于GMS软件建立了长江流域某油库的三维地质结构模型、地下水流动模型和溶质运移模型,并结合场地调查结果将油泥存放池作为主要污染源,C10~C40石油烃作为影响地下水水质的特征污染物,以此为基础开展以风险管控为目标的地下水污染数值模拟研究,研究地下水中C10~C40石油烃污染物的运移规律以及不同水动力阻截技术对污染物扩散的管控效果。结果表明:污染物迁移方向受地下水流动的影响,主要从东北流向西南;在未采取水动力阻截技术的模拟研究中,地下水污染羽以油泥存放池为中心呈椭圆状扩散,经过3000 d的时间推移,污染物已经扩散至周围水系,对附近居民的人身安全构成了威胁;采取不同的水动力阻截技术(阻隔墙或抽水井群)均可以在一定程度上减缓污染物的扩散,而针对该区域表层土质松散、地下水水位较高的地质条件,抽水井群技术对污染物扩散的管控效果更好;采取组合形式的水动力阻截方案可以更加显著地降低污染物的扩散程度,与空白方案相比,3000 d的模拟周期结束后,地下水中高浓度污染物的最大迁移距离和地下水污染羽水平扩散面积分别减小了68.3%和80.5%,模拟监测井中地表污染物浓度降低了87.9%。

基于HYDRUS-1D模型研究石油烃污染物在土壤中的运移规律

石化企业运行过程中发生物料泄漏,不仅会对地下水环境造成影响,也会对土壤环境造成一定影响。文章针对石化企业可能发生的罐区物料泄漏的情景,应用HYDRUS-1D软件构建土壤非饱和带水流模型及溶质运移模型,对石油烃污染物在土壤环境中的运移深度、运移时间及浓度变化进行模拟预测,进一步提出保护土壤环境的相关措施,为石化企业保护土壤环境提供技术支持。

神华包头煤制烯烃工业大气污染物排放现状及减排对策

我国"富煤缺油少气"的资源特征十分显著,煤制烯烃产业发展迅速。然而煤制烯烃工业具有高消耗、高排放的特点,如不能有效解决环境污染问题,将严重制约我国煤化工行业的发展。本文重点以神华包头煤制烯烃示范项目为例,详细分析了煤制烯烃工业大气污染物排放现状、存在的问题以及减排措施,并提出建议。

过硫酸盐氧化处理某炼油厂地下水石油烃污染

为考察过硫酸盐氧化技术对石油烃污染地下水的修复效果,首先采用单因素法研究了氧化剂投加量、投加方式及碱活化强化方式对地下水中石油烃污染物(PHC)的降解效果,进而通过正交实验考察了氧化剂投加量、PHC初始浓度、溶液pH和反应时间对PHC降解效果的影响。结果表明,采用湿投加方式比干投加方式对PHC的去除效果更好,碱活化相比单一投加过硫酸钠对PHC的去除率提高了12.6%。正交实验结果表明,最佳反应条件为氧化剂投加量10%,PHC浓度5.23 mg/L,pH值10,反应时间5 h时,PHC去除率可达到89.7%。PHC去除率受氧化剂投加量和污染物初始浓度影响较大,增大氧化剂浓度或降低污染物初始浓度有利于提高系统稳定处理效果,但过量投加氧化剂,PHC去除率不再明显提高。

鼠李糖脂及其产生菌对原油生物降解影响研究

考察了外加鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂和接种鼠李糖脂产生菌O-2-2对混合烃类降解菌降解原油的影响。结果表明,在降解体系中添加鼠李糖脂使原油20天的降解率由35.7%提高到57.6%。加入鼠李糖脂可同时提高烷烃和芳烃的降解率。在降解体系中接入菌株O-2-2能够快速利用石油烃中的烷烃类化合物并合成鼠李糖脂类生物表面活性剂,从而有效提高总石油烃的降解率。体系中菌株O-2-2的接入虽然使饱和烃的降解率大大提高,却降低了芳烃的降解率;这说明菌株O-2-2和其它烃类降解菌之间可能存在竞争生长关系。

生物表面活性剂在处理原油污水中的应用研究

文章针对石油污染生物治理过程中石油烃污染物生物可利用性差、生物降解速率低等问题,应用鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂来强化石油烃污染物的生物降解,重点考察生物表面活性剂在强化石油烃污染物生物降解中的作用过程和作用机理,为生物表面活性剂在石油烃污染生物治理中的应用提供理论和应用基础。

Environmental Capacity of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Pollutants in Jiaozhou Bay, China: Modeling and Calculation

An environmental capacity model for the petroleum hydrocarbon pollutions （PHs） in Jiaozhou Bay is constructed based on field surveys, mesocosm, and parallel laboratory experiments. Simulated results of PHs seasonal successions in 2003 match the field surveys of Jiaozhou Bay resaonably well with a highest value in July. The Monte Carlo analysis confirms that the variation of PHs concentration significantly correlates with the river input. The water body in the bay is reasonably subjected to self-purification processes, such as volatilization to the atmosphere, biodegradation by microorganism, and transport to the Yellow Sea by water exchange. The environmental capacity of PHs in Jiaozhou Bay is 1500 tons per year IF the seawater quality criterion （Grade Ⅰ/Ⅱ, 0.05 mgLl） in the region is to be satisfied. The contribution to self-purification by volatilization, biodegradation, and transport to the Yellow Sea accounts for 48%, 28%, and 23%, respectively, which make these three processes the main ways of PHs purification in Jiaozhou Bay.

Effect of Mirabilis jalapa (Linn.) Growth on Microbial Community in Bioremediation of Petroleum-contaminated Saline-alkali Soil

Microbial biomass and species in the rhizosphere soil of Mirabilis jalapa（Linn.）（the saline-alkali soil contaminated by total petroleum hydrocarbon（TPH））were studied with the technology of phospholipid fatty acids（PLFAs） analysis,to explore the effects of Mirabilis jalapa（Linn.） growth on the structure characteristics of microbial communities and degradation of TPH in the petroleum-contaminated salinealkali soil.The result showed that compared with the CK soil without Mirabilis jalapa（Linn.）,the kind change rates of PLFAs were 71.4%,69.2% and 33.3% in spring,summer and autumn,respectively,and the degradation of TPH increased by 47.6%,28.3%,and 18.9% in the rhizosphere soil in spring,summer and autumn,respectively.Correlation analysis was used to determine the correlation between the degradation of TPH and the soil microbial communities：77.8% of the microbial PLFAs showed positive correlation（the correlation coefficient r﹥0） with the degradation of TPH,and 55.6% of the PLFAs had high positive correlation with the degradation of TPH with a correlation coefficient r ≥0.8.In addition,the relative contents of SAT and MONO had high correlation with the degradation of TPH in the CK soil,and the correlation coefficients were 0.92 and 0.60,respectively;but in the rhizosphere soil,42.1% of the PLFAs had positive correlation with it,and only21.1% had high positive correlation with the degradation of TPH,the relative contents of TBSAT,MONO and CYCLO had moderate or low positive correlation with the degradation of TPH,and the correlation coefficients were 0.56,0.50 and 0.07 respectively.It was shown that the growth of mirabilis jalapa（Linn.） highly affected the microbial community structure and TPH degradation speed in the rhizosphere soil,providing a theoretical basis for the research on phytoremediation of petroleumcontaminated saline-alkali soil.

Petroleum Hydrocarbon Distribution Features in Water and Sediment off Fujian Shore

This study on the distribution features of petroleum hydrocarbon in water and sediment off the Fujian shore using data obtained from the baseline research on oceanic contamination in Fujian showed that: during the research period, petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in water varied from 5.77 μg/L to 37.28 μg/L, averaged 14.48 μg/L; was lower in the wet season than in the dry season; and was highest in the Minjiang Estuary and Jiulong Estuary in both seasons. The petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in shore sediment varied from 14.48 mg/kg to 784.36 mg/kg, averaged 133.3 mg/kg, and was closely related to sediment types (granularity).

Use of antioxidant enzymes of clam Ruditapesphilippinarum as biomarker to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution

The typical organic pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH) anthracene was selected as a contaminant to investigate its eff ects on the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT) and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum. The results show that SOD, CAT and GSH-Px had diff erent induction and inhibition reactions to anthracene stress, and that three diff erent organs in R. philippinarum(visceral mass, muscle tissue and mantle) had diff erent sensitivities to anthracene stress. This study suggest that SOD activities of the visceral mass, CAT activitities of the mantle and the visceral mass, and GSH-Px activity of the muscle tissue could be used as sensitive indicators of anthracene stress in R. philippinarum.

Comparative Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil by Biostimulation, Bioaugmentation and Surfactant Addition

A bench-scale biopiling experiment was conducted to hydrocarbon bioremediation in a chronically contaminated soil compare the ability of different techniques to enhance petroleum After 195 days, 10%-32% removal of TPHs （total petroleum hydrocarbons） occurred in unamended soil （control）. Biostimulation by inorganic nutrient addition enhanced TPH removal （49%） confirming that bioremediation was nutrient limited and the soil contained a well-adapted hydrocarbonoclastic microbial community. The addition of organic amendments including green waste at 25% and 50% （w/w） and a commercial product called DaramendTM had a further biostimulatory effect （50%-66%, 34%-59% and 69%-80% TPH removal respectively）. Bioaugmentation using two commercially available petroleum hydrocarbon degrading microbial cultures with nutrients enhanced TPH removal in the case of RemActivTM （60%-69%）, but had a marginal effect using Recycler 102 （49%-55%）. The effect of a non-ionic surfactant in green waste amended soil was variable （52%-72% TPH reduction）, but its potential to enhance biodegradation presumably by promoting contaminant bioavailability was demonstrated. High degradation of artificially added polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） occurred after 106 days （75%-84%）, but significant differences between the control and treatments were unapparent, suggesting that spiked soils do not reflect the behavior of contaminants in genuinely polluted and weathered soil.

Removal of Pyrene from Contaminated Soils by White Clover

Phytoremediation has been used as an emerging technology for remediation of soil contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs),ubiquitous persistent environmental pollutants derived from natural and anthropogenic processes,in the last decade.In this study,a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the potential of phytoremediation of pyrene from spiked soils planted with white clover(Trifolium repens)in the greenhouse with a series of pyrene concentrations ranging from 4.22 to 365.38 mg kg-1.The results showed that growth of white clover on pyrenecontaminated soils was not affected.The removal of pyrene from the spiked soils planted with white clover was obviously higher than that from the unplanted soils.At the end of the experiment(60 d),the average removal ratio of pyrene in the spiked soils with white clover was 77%,which was 31%and 57%higher than those of the controls with or without micobes, respectively.Both roots and shoots of white clover took up pyrene from the spiked soils and pyrene uptake increased with the soil pyrene concentration.However,the plant-enhanced dissipation of soil pyrene may be the result of plant-promoted microbial degradation and direct uptake and accumulation of pyrene by white clover were only a small part of the pyrene dissipation.Bioconcentration factors of pyrene(BCFs,ratio of pyrene,on a dry weight basis,in the plant to that in the soil)tended to decrease with increase in the residual soil pyrene concentration.Therefore,removal of pyrene in the contaminated soils was feasible using white clove.

Evolution of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soil Polluted with Crude Oil Treated with a Natural Product

Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated/polluted soils has been recognized as an efficient, economic, versatile and environmentally good treatment. This method is limited by the microorganisms activity in degrading the spills hydrocarbons. Low solubility of the hydrocarbons involves low bioavailability to microorganisms. The main objective of this research is to increase biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by treating the crude oil polluted soil with the natural biodegradable product and bacterial inoculum. Biodegradation was quantified by total petroleum hydrocarbons （TPH） analyses. The paper presents data obtained in biodegradation process of an artificial polluted soil with 5% and 10% crude oil, treated with a natural biodegradable product and bacterial inoculum during two years of experiment. Biodegradation process takes time to rehabilitate and reuse of the soil in agricultural scopes.