The CDE hydrothermal field was first discovered during a Chinese cruise to the East Lau Basin Spreading Centre in 2007. Apart from significant amounts of loose Fe-Si-Mn （oxyhydr） oxide （referred to as oxide below）...The CDE hydrothermal field was first discovered during a Chinese cruise to the East Lau Basin Spreading Centre in 2007. Apart from significant amounts of loose Fe-Si-Mn （oxyhydr） oxide （referred to as oxide below） precipitates, a small Si-rich oxide chimney was also recovered on this cruise. In this study, we report on the mineralogical and geochemical analyses of this chimney and a model for its growth that has been developed. Based on the mineralogy and O isotope results, the chimney walls can be divided into four growth generations （layers） from the inner to the outer layers： amorphous opal and barite layer （pre- cipitation temperature 68.5℃ based on oxygen isotope determinations）, a rod-like amorphous layer （precipitation temperature 39.6℃）, a filamentous Fe-Si oxide layer, and an outer Fe-Mn oxide layer. Investigations based on SEM and EDS showed that neutrophilic Fe-oxidizing bacteria play an important role in the formation of this chimney, particularly in the outer two genera- tions. In the first stage, the metabolic activity of the microbes results in the pervasive precipitation of the filamentous Fe-rich oxides inside a ring formed by some amorphous opal and barite; therefore, a loose porous layer forms. In the second stage, amorphous opal then precipitates inside this wall as a result of conductive cooling and gradually controls the mixing between the hydrothermal fluids and ambient seawaters. In the third stage, barite and some amorphous opal form from the higher tem- perature fluids at the summit of the chimney growth history. In the last stage, the chimney wall becomes thicker and denser and the exchange of hydrothermal fluids and seawater ceases. As a result, a Fe-Mn oxide layer precipitates onto the outer surface of the chimney wall as neutrophilic Fe-oxidizing bacteria reoccupy the surface of the chimney. This mineral sequence and the resultant growth generations are confirmed by the chemical characteristics of the chimney wall. Sr isotopes extracted from the Fe oxides of the four-generation wall generally show a decreasing trend of the 87Sr/86Sr ratios from the second layer to the in- ner layer （from 0.707008 to 0.705877） except for the outer layer （0.706502）. The Sr isotope and chondrite normalized REE patterns of the corresponding bulk samples from the chimney wall also display a similar trend. Our study shows that the bio- genic filament network plays a key role in the formation of the chimney in contrast to previous growth models of higher temperature chimneys, which often ignore the influence of biogenic factors.展开更多
The natural convective heat transfer performance and thermo-fluidic characteristics of honeycombs with/without chimney extensions are numerically investigated.The present numerical simulations are validated by the pur...The natural convective heat transfer performance and thermo-fluidic characteristics of honeycombs with/without chimney extensions are numerically investigated.The present numerical simulations are validated by the purposely-designed experimental measurements on honeycombs with/without chimney.Good agreement between numerical simulation and experimental measurement is obtained.The influences of inclination angle and geometric parameters such as cell shape,streamwise and spanwise length are also numerically quantified.With the increment in inclination angle,the overall heat transfer rate decreases for the honeycombs with/without chimney.For honeycombs with the same void volume fraction but different cell shapes,there is little difference on the overall heat transfer rate.To enhance the natural convective heat transfer of honeycombs,these techniques including increasing the length of honeycomb in the streamwise/spanwise direction,increasing the thermal conductivity of hon-eycomb structure or adding a chimney extension may be helpful.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.40976045,40976025 and 41006072)
文摘The CDE hydrothermal field was first discovered during a Chinese cruise to the East Lau Basin Spreading Centre in 2007. Apart from significant amounts of loose Fe-Si-Mn （oxyhydr） oxide （referred to as oxide below） precipitates, a small Si-rich oxide chimney was also recovered on this cruise. In this study, we report on the mineralogical and geochemical analyses of this chimney and a model for its growth that has been developed. Based on the mineralogy and O isotope results, the chimney walls can be divided into four growth generations （layers） from the inner to the outer layers： amorphous opal and barite layer （pre- cipitation temperature 68.5℃ based on oxygen isotope determinations）, a rod-like amorphous layer （precipitation temperature 39.6℃）, a filamentous Fe-Si oxide layer, and an outer Fe-Mn oxide layer. Investigations based on SEM and EDS showed that neutrophilic Fe-oxidizing bacteria play an important role in the formation of this chimney, particularly in the outer two genera- tions. In the first stage, the metabolic activity of the microbes results in the pervasive precipitation of the filamentous Fe-rich oxides inside a ring formed by some amorphous opal and barite; therefore, a loose porous layer forms. In the second stage, amorphous opal then precipitates inside this wall as a result of conductive cooling and gradually controls the mixing between the hydrothermal fluids and ambient seawaters. In the third stage, barite and some amorphous opal form from the higher tem- perature fluids at the summit of the chimney growth history. In the last stage, the chimney wall becomes thicker and denser and the exchange of hydrothermal fluids and seawater ceases. As a result, a Fe-Mn oxide layer precipitates onto the outer surface of the chimney wall as neutrophilic Fe-oxidizing bacteria reoccupy the surface of the chimney. This mineral sequence and the resultant growth generations are confirmed by the chemical characteristics of the chimney wall. Sr isotopes extracted from the Fe oxides of the four-generation wall generally show a decreasing trend of the 87Sr/86Sr ratios from the second layer to the in- ner layer （from 0.707008 to 0.705877） except for the outer layer （0.706502）. The Sr isotope and chondrite normalized REE patterns of the corresponding bulk samples from the chimney wall also display a similar trend. Our study shows that the bio- genic filament network plays a key role in the formation of the chimney in contrast to previous growth models of higher temperature chimneys, which often ignore the influence of biogenic factors.
基金supported by the National 111 Project of China(Grant No.B06024)the National Basic Research Program of China("973"Project)(Grant No.2011CB610305)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51206128)
文摘The natural convective heat transfer performance and thermo-fluidic characteristics of honeycombs with/without chimney extensions are numerically investigated.The present numerical simulations are validated by the purposely-designed experimental measurements on honeycombs with/without chimney.Good agreement between numerical simulation and experimental measurement is obtained.The influences of inclination angle and geometric parameters such as cell shape,streamwise and spanwise length are also numerically quantified.With the increment in inclination angle,the overall heat transfer rate decreases for the honeycombs with/without chimney.For honeycombs with the same void volume fraction but different cell shapes,there is little difference on the overall heat transfer rate.To enhance the natural convective heat transfer of honeycombs,these techniques including increasing the length of honeycomb in the streamwise/spanwise direction,increasing the thermal conductivity of hon-eycomb structure or adding a chimney extension may be helpful.
