自然伽玛测井确定地层热产量方法研究

通常，放射性热产量由Ｋ、Ｕ、Ｔｈ的含量和岩石密度来确定。在井孔中，Ｋ、Ｕ、Ｔｈ的含量可用自然γ能谱仪测量得到，岩石密度由岩性密度仪测量得到。介绍了一种从常规γ测井确定热产量的简单方法，其中测井数据可以从大量的钻孔中获得。这种方法以伽玛射线（ＧＲ）与热产量Ａ之间的线性关系为基础。从片麻岩、碳酸盐岩、角闪岩、花岗岩到玄武岩，在这样宽的岩性变化范围内，显示出这种线性关系在０～３５０ＡＰＩ和０．０３～７μＷ／ｍ３范围是有效的，其误差均小于１０％。因此，利用标准的自然伽玛测井，可以为温度模拟提供放射性热产量的可靠信息。

尼日利亚Gongola盆地地层放射性热产量与生烃潜力

以取自尼日利亚上贝努埃地槽Gongola盆地Kolmani-1井的样品为基础,对其放射性热产量进行了估算,并对放射性热产量对沉积物生油气潜力的影响进行了分析。研究采用精确标定的碘化钠伽马射线检测系统,对不同层组的38块样品（取样间隔73.2 m,包括砂岩、页岩、含煤页岩、砂质页岩、泥质砂岩）进行了40K、238U及232Th的放射性分析。研究结果表明,沉积物中放射性元素的放射性浓度存在显著变化,40K浓度最高;沉积物放射性热产量为228.44～1 412.82 p W/kg;Kolmani-1井砂岩和砂质页岩属于低热产量沉积物,含煤页岩、页岩及泥质砂岩属于中热产量沉积物,潜在烃源岩（页岩和含煤页岩层段）的放射性热产量值主要位于中热产量范围（750～1500 p W/kg）,同时具有生成液态烃和气态烃的能力。此外,沉积物的放射性热量约占盆地总地表热通量的10.9%～20.9%,沉积物的放射性热量是总地表热通量的重要组成部分,应将其纳入盆地的热模拟。

压裂酸化技术在滇东南不纯碳酸盐岩热储中的应用

滇东南某地热井完井后,为达到水量和水温要求,运用压裂与酸化洗井联合增产工艺,成功扩大热储裂隙及其相互之间的连通性,增强了热储层的渗透性,产量由120m^(3)/d增加到508m^(3)/d,井口水温由38℃升高到60℃。该地热井的成功实践证明,油田开采使用的酸化压裂增产技术简化后用于碳酸盐岩夹层和互层型热储热水开采,可供类似地质条件的开采井工程借鉴。

玉米自交系灌浆期耐热性评价

【目的】筛选出灌浆期耐热性强的玉米自交系。【方法】在花后7~17 d以自然生长为对照,分析玻璃温室高温处理下10份新疆骨干玉米自交系产量性状的变化,采用产量热稳定性分析与千粒重热感指数相结合的方法,评价供试材料的耐热性。【结果】LX9801、PH6WC、PHB1M、海014和武314在热胁迫下产量稳定性好,其中PH6WC丰产性突出。502、KW4M029、PH6WC、PHB1M和海014等5份自交系的千粒重热感指数小于1。综合产量热稳定性及千粒重热感指数,PH6WC和PHB1M的耐热性突出,海014耐热性较好。武314可作为耐热育种亲本材料。【结论】灌浆期热胁迫下千粒重的降低,是玉米自交系产量下降的主要原因,九禾6929可作为耐热育种种质资源。

炉外短滑坡端出料加热炉

为了克服传统推钢式端出料加热炉炉头吸冷凤的缺点,降低加热燃耗,节约能源,提高加热产量和质最,井使炉体稳定与长寿,经生产试验和创新,研制成功的炉外短滑坡端出料加热炉,已获发明专利。

确定合理热洗周期与热洗参数的方法

分析了热洗对台肇油田抽油机井产量的影响。并提出了科学合理的洗井方法,以及就如何加强洗井的现场管理展开讨论。结果表明。洗井影响产量是由洗井本身的特点决定的。洗井的同时也就是压井限产的过程。但是洗井质量不好。洗井时间过长,也是影响产量不可忽略的因素。只有合理洗井周期和科学的洗井方法,才能提高洗井质量。

Understanding the influence of microwave on the relative volatility used in the pyrolysis of Indonesia oil sands

In this paper, pyrolysis of Indonesian oil sands （lOS） was investigated by two different heating methods to develop a better understanding of the microwave-assisted pyrolysis. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted to study the thermal decomposition behaviors of lOS, showing that 550 ℃ might be the pyrolysis final temperature. A explanation of the heat-mass transfer process was presented to demonstrate the influence of mi- crowave-assisted pyrolysis on the liquid product distribution. The heat-mass transfer model was also useful to explain the increase of liquid product yield and heavy component content at the same heating rate by two differ- ent heating methods. Experiments were carried out using a fixed bed reactor with and without the microwave irradiation. The results showed that liquid product yield was increased during microwave induced pyrolysis, while the formation of gas and solid residue was reduced in comparison with the conventional pyrolysis. Moreover, the liquid product characterization by elemental analysis and GC-MS indicated the significant effect on the liquid chemical composition by microwave irradiation. High polarity substances （ε 〉 10 at 25 ℃）, such as oxy- organics were increased, while relatively low polarity substances （ε 〈 2 at 25℃）, such as aliphatic hydrocarbons were decreased, suggesting that microwave enhanced the relative volatility of high polarity substances. The yield improvement and compositional variations in the liquid product promoted by the microwave-assisted pyrolysis deserve the further exploitation in the future,

分支水平井技术在薄层超稠油中的应用

针对超稠油油藏锦25-32-26断块于楼油层由于原油粘度高、油层薄而导致直井蒸汽吞吐效果较差的问题,通过部署分支水平井并结合二氧化碳吞吐、高温降粘等配套工艺增产措施有效提高了热采周期产量,与直井相比平均周期产量由228t提高到625t,取得较好的吞吐效果。锦25-32-26块分支水平井成功经验对其它薄层稠油、超稠油油藏进一步提高吞吐开发效果具有重要借鉴作用。

Rice Yield and Yield Components as Influenced by Phosphorus and Nitrogen Application Rates in the Moist Savanna of West Africa

A two-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of nitrogen （0, 30, 60, and 120 kg N ha^-1） and phosphorus （0, 30, and 60 kg P2O5 ha^-1） application on grain yield and yield components of five New Rice for Africa （NERICA） cultivars, their parents, and a check on a degraded soil in the moist savanna of Nigeria. Nerica 14 recorded the highest grain yield of 1.3 mg halcompared to the other NERICA cultivars. It also produced significantly （P 〈 0.05） longer panicles （19.24 cm）, higher sink capacity as determined by thousand-kernel weight （30.3 g）, and a higher potential for partitioning photosynthates （45.15%） into grains than the other cultivars. N × P interaction effect on grain yield was significant （P 〈 0.05） with moderate P （60 kg P2O5 ha^1） and moderate N （60 kg N ha^-1） resulting in optimum grain yield （1.7 mg ha^-1）. Thus, moderate N and P were recommended for the production of NERICA varieties in low-input smallholder upland rice production systems of the moist savanna of Nigeria.

Heat Generation by Electric Current in Normal-Metal-Molecular Quantum Dot-Superconductor System

We investigate the heat generation induced by electrical current in a normal-metal-molecular quantum dot-superconductor （NDS） system. By using nonequilibrium Green＇s function method, the heat generation Q is derived and studied in detail. The superconducting lead influences the heat generation significantly. An obvious step appears in Q - eV characteristics and the iocation of this step is related with the phonon frequency ωo. The heat generations exhibit very different behaviour in the condition eV 〈 △ and eV 〉 △ due to different tunneling mechanism. From the study of Q - eVg curves, there is an extra peak as eV 〉 △. The difference in this two cases is also shown in Q - ωo curve, an extra peak emerges as eV 〉 △.

New Technology Usage for Sustaniable Dairy Cow Reproductive Perfomances

Technology gives many oppurtunites for cattle farmers for easier and effective herd management possibilities. New era provides many realistic applications using smart applications for farmers. Especially milking is very popular for engineering applications. Reproductive technologies can be seen as frontier applications. Reproductive performances of the dairy farms can be defined as number of calves for cows in a year. It means new material for meat and milk production. Because new female calf means new cow for her while male calf means new material for beef. If meat and milk production are to be increased, cow productivity, i.e. the number of calves produced lifetime must be improved and increased. Although varying among herds, annual average herd incidences of reproductive disorders and reproductive performance were similar to those reported. Managerial practices influenced incidences of retained placenta and uterine infection, days open of cows not bred and of all cows, services per conception and percentages of herd open more than 100 days and culled for low production. Good heat detection programs can have a major impact on overall herd reproductive performance. The best heat detection programs start with careful timing, good observation and the effective use of detection aids. Being able to distinguish and interpret cow behaviour and other signs is critical, so are good record keeping and training for the people responsible for heat detection. Generaly, farmers with the best heat detection results use a combination of observation and heat detection aids. Several options are available to aid heat detection and increase heat detection rates. Although a rich variety of methods have been introduced for the detection of oestrus, a more accurate and practical method is still required.

Influence of Artificial Light on Laying Hens Production of Heat, Moisture and Carbon Dioxide in a Floor Housing System

Investigations about laying hens reactions on artificial light conditions were carried out in a climate chamber equipped with a floor housing system for laying hens. The release of moisture increased during light periods probably due to increased activity which increased respiration rate but also on increased scratching which increased evaporation of moisture from bedding material. The daily average was 6.29 g henl h＂l at 4 lux and 5.97 g henl hl, at 93 lux which corresponds to a difference of 5%. The level of light intensity seemed to have little influence on the release of moisture. The total release of heat was slightly higher during light periods compared to dark periods. Explanations can be increased activity but also feed intake increasing the metabolic rate during light periods. The daily average of total heat production was 17.0 W per hen at 4 lux and 14.7 at 93 lux which corresponds to a difference of 16%. The release of carbon dioxide increased during light periods probably due to increased activity and respiration.

Heat Transfer Validation and Comparative Evaluation of Biochar Yield from Pyrolysis Cook Stove

The developing world still largely depends on biomass, such as wood, animal dung and agricultural waste for domestic fuel sources that are typically burned in traditional stoves. Ethiopia has different biomass resource for biochar production, through pyrolysis cook stove co-producing biochar. Coffee husks are the major solid residues from the handling and processing of coffee in the study area. This study was to evaluate the biochar co-producing pyrolysis cook stove with respect to heat transfer through the bed and biochar yield. From allothermal type of pyrolysis cook stove, the stove design was selected for both the computational fluid dynamic （CFD） simulation and experimental measurements. ANSYS 14.5 was used for CFD simulation of the wood combustion. The production of biochar from coffee husk, corncob and sawdust at different heating times, bed and stove surface temperature were undertaken. Bulk density, pH and surface area of the biochar were measured. While good agreement between simulation and experimental result was obtained in the conduction phase during pyrolysis, deviation between the two on account of the effect of volatile gas in changing the temperature trend within the biomass bed was noticed. Within the biomass type, the maximum mean biochar yield （38.91%） was seen from coffee husk. In the case of different stove designs, the minimum mean biochar yield （27.11%） was found from normal Anila stove. The pH of biochar is found to be significantly affected by the type of biomass （9.83 mean for corncob and coffee husk, 6.43 mean for sawdust）, heating time （9.19 mean for 90 min and 8.01 mean for 30 min） and stove type （9.52 mean for normal Anila and 8.01 mean for flangeless Anila continuous feeding type）. In fact, the type of biomass is observed to significantly affect the bulk density and surface area ofbiochar.

Pyrolysis Mechanisms of Quinoline and Isoquinoline with Density Functional Theory

The pyrolysis mechanisms of quinoline and isoquinoline were investigated using the density functional theory of quantum chemistry,including eight reaction paths and a common tautomeric intermediate 1-indene imine.It is concluded that the conformational tautomerism of the intermediate decides the pyrolysis products(C6H6,HC≡C—C≡N,C6H5C≡N and HC≡CH)to be the same,and also decides the total disappearance rates of the reactants to be the same,for both original reactants quinoline and isoquinoline during the pyrolysis reaction.The results indicate that the intramolecular hydrogen migration is an important reaction step,which often appears in the paths of the pyrolysis mechanism.The activation energies of the rate determining steps are obtained.The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental results.

Effects of pyrite on the spontaneous combustion of coal

Abstract Pyrite has a significant effect on the spontaneous combustion of coal. The presence of pyrite can change the propensity of coal towards spontaneous combustion. The influences of various pyrite contents on the parameters of spontaneous combustion, such as index gases, temperature and released heat etc., were investigated in this study, Coal samples with different pyrite contents （0 %, 3 %, 5 %, 7 % and 9 %） were made by mixing coal and pyrite. The oxidation experiments under temperature-programmed condition were carried out to test the release rate of gaseous oxidation products at different temperatures. Differential scanning calorimeter （DSC） was employed to measure the intensity of heat release during coal oxidation for various pyrite contents. The results indicate that pyrite can nonlinearly accelerate the process of spontaneous combustion. The coal sample with a pyrite content of 5 % has the largest CO release rate and oxygen adsorption as well. However, the coal sample with a pyrite content of ？ % has the largest rate of heat flow according to the results from the DSC tests. Pyrite contents of 5 %-7 % in coal has the most significant effects on spontaneous combustion within the range of this study. The conclusions are conducive to the evaluation and control for the spontaneous combustion of coal.

The effect of operating conditions on acylation of 2-methylnaphthalene in a microchannel reactor

Acylation of 2-methylnaphthalene(2-MN) is a very important reaction in organic synthesis,and the effiency of the continuous reactor is more than one of the batch reactor.Considering that the Friedel–Crafts acylation is a rapid exothermic reaction,in this study,we perform the acylation of 2-MN in a stainless steel microchannel flow reactor,which is characterized by high mass and heat transfer rates.The effect of reactant ratio,mixing temperature,reaction temperature,and reaction time on product yield and selectivity were investigated.Under the optimal conditions,2-methyl-6-propionylnaphthalene(2,6-MPN) was obtained in 85.8% yield with 87.5% selectivity.Compared with the conventional batch system,the continuous flow microchannel reactor provides a more efficient method for the synthesis of 2,6-MPN.

Issues in Freeze Drying of Aqueous Solutions

Freeze drying or lyophilization of aqueous solutions is widely used in pharmaceutical industry. The in-creased importance Of the process is gaining a worldwide interest of research. A growing body of literature has demonstrated that the scientific approach can result in improved product quality with minimum trial and error em-piricism. Formulation and process development need a systematical understanding of the physical chemistry of freezing and freeze drying, material science and mechanisms of heat and mass transfer. This paper presents an overview on freeze ding of aqueous solutions based on publications in the past few decades. The important issuesof the process are analyzed.

Population Dynamics and Condition Factor of Oreochromis niloticus L. in Two Tropical Small Dams, Tigray （Northern Ethiopia）

Several dams have been constructed in Ethiopia, East Africa to support electricity and/or irrigation. Fishes were introduced to some of these dams. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the dynamics and condition factor of Oriochromis niloticus in Korir and Lailay Wukro Dams, Northern Ethiopias. The study was conducted by deploying two gill net, every month in the littoral and pelagic zones of the two dams from August 2011 to May 2012. A total of 524 O. niloticus, 278 from Lailay Wukro and 246 from Korir dams were collected. The monthly catch per unit effort （CPUE） showed significant variation among months, the highest catch was in May and the least was in January 2012 （P 〈 0.000）. Catches of fish encountered higher in the littoral （69.1%） than in the pelagic zones （30.9%） （P 〈 0.000）. The condition factor of O. niloticus in the two reservoirs remains high, in Korir 2.05 and in Lailay Wukro 1.65 （P 〈 0.000）. In these small tropical dams, O. niloticus mature as they are smaller in size （Ls0： TL average 22.5 cm）. The ratio of male to female was 1.3：1 （P 〈 0.016）. The two dams have favorable condition for high production of O. niloticus. This high potential for fish production in the dams may be sustainable if the local authorities set a regulation to control the illegal fishing activity.

Contribution of Promiscuous Soybean （Glycine max L.） to Upland Rice-based Cropping Systems in West Africa

A two-year on-farm study was carried out at Eglime in the moist savanna （MS） and Ouake in the dry savanna （DS） of Benin to evaluate the contribution of inoculation of dual-purpose soybean varieties to grain yield of upland NERICA rice fertilized with low N level. In 2005, four dual-purpose, promiscuous soybean varieties （cv. TGx1440-IE; TG×1448-2E; TG×1019-2EB; and TG×1844-18E）, and a popular improved variety （cv. Jupiter） were sown in 12 farmer fields with and without Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation. There was also land which was left fallow that acted as the control. In 2006, upland interspecific rice （NERICA 1） was sown in all the plots and supplied with 15 kg N haL. Dry matter yield, N accumulation, and net N-balance were significantly enhanced by over 40% with inoculation of cv. TG× 1844-18E than non-inoculation in the DS in comparison to other cultivars. There were no significant effects of inoculation of previous soybean cultivars on soybean grain yield and on the succeeding NERICA rice yield. Averaged over inoculation, previous cv. TG× 1019-2EB plots supplied with only 15 kg N hal gave the highest grain yield, more than twice the yield of control plots in the DS, possibly because of significant production of higher tillers, panicles and harvest index than the other cultivars; and it could be recommended for upland rice-based system for NERICA production.

Impact of Planting Position and Planting Material on Root Yield of Cassava （Manihot esculenta Crantz）

Cassava （Manihot esculenta Crantz） is a perennial woody shrub with an edible root, which grows in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. In Africa, cassava provides a basic daily source of dietary energy. It plays an important role in food security and incomes of many rural households in the southern Ethiopia. However, information available on production practices of cassava for the region is insufficient. Hence, field experiment was conducted at Awassa Agricultural Research Center for two successive cropping seasons from 2004 to 2006 to investigate the response of cassava to planting position and planting material. The treatments used were three planting positions （slant, vertical and horizontal） and five planting materials （main stem top part, main stem middle part, main stem bottom part, branch stake top part and branch stake bottom part） were combined in factorial arrangement and laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The result revealed that root yield was significantly （P 〈 0.05） affected by the interaction effects of the planting position and planting material. The highest yield （25.2 ton ha^-1） was obtained from the main stem top part planted in slant position whereas the least yield （6.5 ton ha^-1） was obtained from main stem bottom part planted in horizontal position. Based on the findings of this study, areas like Awassa with moderate rainfall slant and vertical planting of main stem top and middle parts could be used as planting material.