The engineering design of 60 kV, 55 A, 2 s bucket ion source for HL-2A has been finished. The current design is based on an extraction-acceldecel extraction system that is composed of plasma electrode, acceleration el...The engineering design of 60 kV, 55 A, 2 s bucket ion source for HL-2A has been finished. The current design is based on an extraction-acceldecel extraction system that is composed of plasma electrode, acceleration electrode, deceleration electrode and grounded electrode. The primary and secondary particles due to beams ionization in each region of extraction system will hit the surface of electrode. The power loads on an electrode is estimated both theoretically and experimentally to be 1%-2% of the ion beam power, which may cause serious problems, such as thermal deformation followed by ion beam distortion and melting leading to water leaks. To ensure the mechanical reliability and no plastic deformation, it is important and necessary to analysis the temperature and stress distribution.展开更多
Thermoelectric effect is the most efficient way to convert electric energy directly from the temperature gradient. Thermoelectric effect-based power generation, cooling and heating devices are solid-stated, environmen...Thermoelectric effect is the most efficient way to convert electric energy directly from the temperature gradient. Thermoelectric effect-based power generation, cooling and heating devices are solid-stated, environmentally friendly, reliable, long-lived, easily maintainable, and easy to achieve miniaturization and integration. So they have unparalleled advantages in the aerospace, vehicle industry, waste heat recovery, electronic cooling, etc. This paper reviews the progress in thermodynamic analyses and optimizations for single- and multiple-element, single- and multiple-stage, and combined thermoelectric generators, thermoelectric refrigerators and thermoelectric heat pumps, especially in the aspects of non-equilibrium thermodynamics and finite time thermodynamics. It also discusses the developing trends of thermoelectric devices, such as the heat sources of thermoelectric generators, multi-stage thermoelectric devices, combined thermoelectric devices, and heat transfer enhancement of thermoelectric devices.展开更多
文摘The engineering design of 60 kV, 55 A, 2 s bucket ion source for HL-2A has been finished. The current design is based on an extraction-acceldecel extraction system that is composed of plasma electrode, acceleration electrode, deceleration electrode and grounded electrode. The primary and secondary particles due to beams ionization in each region of extraction system will hit the surface of electrode. The power loads on an electrode is estimated both theoretically and experimentally to be 1%-2% of the ion beam power, which may cause serious problems, such as thermal deformation followed by ion beam distortion and melting leading to water leaks. To ensure the mechanical reliability and no plastic deformation, it is important and necessary to analysis the temperature and stress distribution.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11305266&51576207)the National Basic Research Program of China("973"Project)(Grant No.2012CB720405)
文摘Thermoelectric effect is the most efficient way to convert electric energy directly from the temperature gradient. Thermoelectric effect-based power generation, cooling and heating devices are solid-stated, environmentally friendly, reliable, long-lived, easily maintainable, and easy to achieve miniaturization and integration. So they have unparalleled advantages in the aerospace, vehicle industry, waste heat recovery, electronic cooling, etc. This paper reviews the progress in thermodynamic analyses and optimizations for single- and multiple-element, single- and multiple-stage, and combined thermoelectric generators, thermoelectric refrigerators and thermoelectric heat pumps, especially in the aspects of non-equilibrium thermodynamics and finite time thermodynamics. It also discusses the developing trends of thermoelectric devices, such as the heat sources of thermoelectric generators, multi-stage thermoelectric devices, combined thermoelectric devices, and heat transfer enhancement of thermoelectric devices.
