两相钛合金Corona5的热变形处理

本文对高韧性钛合金Corona5的淬火马氏体组织直接用于热变形进行了探讨,并与炉冷的魏氏组织进行了对比,通过金相观察形变与形变后热处理的显微组织,结果表明:魏氏组织不易通过热变形获得等轴组织,而马氏体组织可直接通过热变形获得细小等轴组织。

Effect of thermo-mechanical treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of wire-arc additively manufactured Al-Cu alloy

Wire-arc additive manufacture(WAAM)has great potential for manufacturing of Al-Cu components.However,inferior mechanical properties of WAAM deposited material restrict its industrial application.Inter-layer cold rolling and thermo-mechanical heat treatment(T8)with pre-stretching deformation between solution and aging treatment were adopted in this study.Their effects on hardness,mechanical properties and microstructure were analyzed and compared to the conventional heat treatment(T6).The results show that cold rolling increases the hardness and strengths,which further increase with T8 treatment.The ultimate tensile strength(UTS)of 513 MPa and yield stress(YS)of 413 MPa can be obtained in the inter-layer cold-rolled sample with T8 treatment,which is much higher than that in the as-deposited samples.The cold-rolled samples show higher elongation than that of as-deposited ones due to significant elimination of porosity in cold rolling;while both the T6 and T8 treatments decrease the elongation.The cold rolling and pre-stretching deformation both contribute to the formation of dense and dispersive precipitatedθ′phases,which inhibits the dislocation movement and enhances the strengths;as a result,T8 treatment shows better strengthening effect than the T6 treatment.The strengthening mechanism was analyzed and it was mainly related to work hardening and precipitation strengthening.

Microstructural evolution of 2026 aluminum alloy during hot compression and subsequent heat treatment

2026 aluminum alloy was compressed in a temperature range of 300-450 ℃ and strain rate range of 0.01-10 s^-1. The correlation between compression conditions and microstructural evolution after solution and aging heat treatment was investigated. It is found that the recrystallization and precipitation behavior after heat treatment are associated with the temperature compensated strain rate Z value during hot deformation. Under low Z parameter condition, a small quantity of free recrystallized grains are formed, and the well formed subgrains with clean high-angle boundaries and coarse precipitates seem to be remained during heat treatment. Under high Z parameter condition, a large number of fine equiaxed recrystallized grains are produced, and a high dislocation density with poorly developed cellularity and considerable fine dynamic precipitates are replaced by the well formed subgrains and relatively coarse precipitates after heat treatment. The average recrystallized grain size after heat treatment decreases with increasing Z value and a quantitative relation between the average grain size and the Z value is obtained.

Effect of thermo-mechanical treatment process on microstructure and mechanical properties of 2A97 Al-Li alloy

2A97 Al-Li alloy was processed by thermo-mechanical treatment at different pre-stretch deformations of 0, 3% and 6%. The microstrucatre observation results reveal that some δ＇ and T1 precipitates are found in a（Al） matrix of 2A97 alloy processed by the heat treatment with no pre-stretch deformation. When the pre-stretch deformation is 3% and 6%, respectively, amounts of tiny T1 and a few of S＇ precipitates precipitates are observed in the microstructures of 2A97 alloy. The tensile test results show that the tensile properties of 2A97 alloys are improved via thermo-mechanical treatment. When the pre-stretch deformation is from 0, 3% to 6%, the ultimate tensile strength values of the 2A97 alloys increase gradually from 447.7, 516.5 to 534.3 MPa, and the elongations decrease from 17.6%, 12.8% to 10.2%, respectively. Moreover, with increasing pre-stretch deformation amount from 0 to 6%, the in-plane anisotropy value of 2A97 alloys becomes more obvious.

低合金铸铁共晶碳化物团球化的研究

探讨了变质处理和热变形处理对共晶碳化物四球化的影响，同时还研究了共晶碳化物四球化对低合金铸铁力学性能和耐磨性的影响，结果表明，共晶碳化物四球化有利于白口铸铁韧性和耐磨性的大幅度提高。

Microstructure and texture characterization of superplastic Al-Mg-Li alloy

A novel thermomechanical processing was developed for producing fine grained Al-Mg-Li alloy sheets. The influences of static recrystallization annealing on the grain structure and superplastic behavior were investigated. The results show that the refined microstructure has a variation in the distribution of grain size, shape and texture across the normal direction of the sheet. The surface layer （SL） has fine, nearly equiaxed grains with a rotated cUbeND {001 }（310） orientation, whereas the center layer （CL） has coarse, elongated grains with a portion of a fiber orientation. Increasing static recrystallized temperature results in grain growth in the full thickness, decreasing of grain aspect ratio in the center layer, texture sharpening in the surface layer, but weakening in the center layer as well as decreasing of superplastic elongation. Increasing the annealing temperature also produces an sharpening of the rotated cube {001}（310） component and a decreasing of the a fiber texture in the full thickness of the sheet. The formation mechanisms of recrystallization texture at various temperatures and layers were discussed.

Effects of T9I6 thermo-mechanical process on microstructure, mechanical properties and ballistic resistance of 2519A aluminum alloy

The effects of T916 thermo-mechanical process on microstructures, mechanical properties and ballistic resistance of 2519A aluminum alloy were investigated by optical microscopy （OM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, tensile tests and ballistic resistance test. After T916 treatment, the yield strength, tensile strength and elongation rate of 2519A aluminum alloy reach 501 MPa, 540 MPa and 14%, respectively. And the ballistic limit velocity of 2519A-T916 alloy （30 mm in thickness） is 715 rn/s. The microstructure varies near the sidewalls of crater. The interrupted ageing contributes to these excellent properties of the alloy. During T916 process, the precipitation of Guinier Preston （GP） zone is finer and denser during the interrupted ageing, thus resulting in well precipitated strengthening phase.

Influence of pre-strain and heat treatment on subsequent deformation behavior of extruded AZ31 Mg alloy

Pre-compression and heat treatment were performed on an extruded AZ31 Mg alloy,and their effects on subsequent deformation behavior were investigated.The results show that at low temperature annealing(170 ℃ for 4 h),the extruded samples with and without annealing exhibit a nearly equivalent yield stress(~148 MPa) because their microstructures are nearly unchanged.However,under the same annealing condition,the yield stress of sample with pre-twinning and subsequent annealing(~225 MPa) is higher than that of the pre-twinned one(~200 MPa).The former sample presents a hardening effect because the solute atoms segregated on twin boundaries lead to a strengthening effect.The pre-twinned sample annealed at 400 ℃ for 1 h shows a higher ultimate elongation(~28%) than the pre-twinned one(~15%),but its yield stress(~125 MPa) is much lower than that of the pre-twinned one(~200 MPa).

Mechanical properties of Mg-6Gd-1Y-0.5Zr alloy processed by low temperature thermo-mechanical treatment

An as-solution treated Mg-6Gd-1Y-0.4Zr alloy was processed by low temperature thermo-mechanical treatments （LT-TMT）, including cold tension with various strains followed by aging at 200 °C to peak hardness. The results show that the precipitation kinetics of the alloy experienced LT-TMT is greatly accelerated and the aging time to peak hardness is greatly decreased with increasing tensile strain. The tensile yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation at room temperature of the alloy after cold tension with strain of 10% and peak aging at 200 °C are 251 MPa, 296 MPa and 8%, respectively, which are superior to the commercial heat-resistant WE54 alloy, although the latter has a higher rare earth element content.

Si phase morphology and mechanical properties of ZL107 Al alloy improved by La modification and heat treatment

The phase morphology evolution during the solid solution treatment and then artificial aging of the La-modified ZL107 Al alloy was studied. The results show that when the solid solution was held at 560 ℃ for 6 h, only partial Si phase dissolved into the matrix; however, the precipitation also occurred during the artificial aging process. The precipitation process in Al-Si alloys with or without La-modification was compared. After modification and heat treatment, the mechanical properties of the alloy were greatly enhanced, due to the modification and uniform distribution of Si phase.

低合金白口铸铁共晶碳化物团球化工艺的研究

低合金白口铸铁是一种耐磨性能优良的铸铁材料，但其组织中共晶碳化物呈连续网状分布，削弱了基体的连续性，导致铸铁脆性过大。我们探讨了复合变质处理和热变形处理对共晶碳化物团球化的影响，同时还研究了共晶碳化物团球化对低合金白口铸铁机械性能和耐磨性的影响，结果表明，共晶碳化物团球化有利于白口铸铁韧性和耐磨性的大幅度提高。

Effect of heat treatment on tensile deformation behavior of Ni-Co film/Fe substrate systems

The effects of heat treatment on microstructure and tension property of Ni-Co film/Fe substrate systems were investigated. The deformation and fracture morphologies of Ni-Co films/Fe substrate systems were studied by in-situ scanning electron microscopy（in-situ SEM）before and after heat treatment.The results show that a Ni-Co/Fe diffusion layer appears between the film and substrate after heat treatment;the elongation of film/substrate system increases with increasing the heat treatment temperature. Both the strength and ductility of the film/substrate system are preferable when heat treatment temperature is 650 o C,meanwhile the maximum elongation is up to 46%.During tensile deformation,the deformation behaviors of Ni-Co film/Fe substrate are quite different before and after heat treatment.The samples after heat treatment went through the progress of holes’emergence,growth and extension,whereas the samples without heat treatment accompanied with no holes,just cracked instead,showing that appropriate heat treatment is helpful to improve the toughness of material,and mechanical properties.

Effect of cold deformation and heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of TC21 Ti alloy

In the present research work on TC21 titanium alloy(6.5 Al-3 Mo-1.9 Nb-2.2 Sn-2.2 Zr-1.5 Cr), the effects of cold deformation, solution treatment with different cooling rates and then aging on microstructure, hardness and wear property were investigated. A cold deformation at room temperature with 15% reduction in height was applied on annealed samples. The samples were solution-treated at 920 ℃ for 15 min followed by different cooling rates of water quenching(WQ), air cooling(AC) and furnace cooling(FC) to room temperature. Finally, the samples were aged at 590 ℃ for 4 h. Secondary α-platelets precipitated in residual β-phase in the case of solution-treated samples with AC condition and aged ones. The maximum hardness of HV 470 was obtained for WQ + aging condition due to the presence of high amount of residual β-matrix(69%), while the minimum hardness of HV 328 was reported for FC condition. Aging process after solution treatment can considerably enhance the wear property and this enhancement can reach up to about 122% by applying aging after WQ compared with the annealed samples.

Corrosion behavior of Mg−Li alloys:A review

It has been known that the lack of excellent corrosion resistance is the key problem restricting the wide application of Mg−Li alloys.Based on a quantity of literature about corrosion behavior of Mg−Li alloys,this review elaborates the factors affecting the corrosion behavior of Mg−Li alloys and the processing methods for improving corrosion resistance.The corrosion characteristics of Mg−Li alloys are described firstly.Then,it is explained that the grain size,orientation,second phase,and surface film strongly influence corrosion performance,which can be tailored by alloying,plastic deformation,and heat treatment.Further in-depth discussion about the corrosion mechanisms for Mg−Li alloys was also presented.Finally,important points of improving corrosion resistance are suggested.

Stress corrosion cracking behaviour of 7xxx aluminum alloys: A literature review

Stress corrosion cracking （SCC） is degradation of mechanical properties under the combined action of stress and corrosive environment of the susceptible material. Out of eight series of aluminium alloys, 2xxx, 5xxx and 7xxx aluminium alloys are susceptible to SCC. Among them, 7xxx series aluminium alloys have specific application in aerospace, military and structural industries due to superior mechanical properties. In these high strength 7xxx aluminium alloys, SCC plays a vital factor of consideration, as these failures are catastrophic during the service. The understanding of SCC behaviour possesses critical challenge for this alloy. The main aim of this review paper is to understand the effect of constituent alloying elements on the response of microstructural variation in various heat-treated conditions on SCC behavior. Further, review was made for improving the SCC resistance using thermomechanical treatments and by surface modifications of 7xxx alloys. Apart from a brief review on SCC of 7xxx alloys, this paper presents the effect of stress and pre-strain, effect of constituent alloying elements in the alloy, and the effect of environments on SCC behaviour. In addition, the SCC behaviours of weldments, 7xxx metal matrix composites and also laser surface modifications were also reviewed.

Microstructural evolution and creep deformation behavior of novel Ti-22Al-25Nb-1Mo-1V-1Zr-0.2Si(at.%) orthorhombic alloy

The microstructural evolution and creep deformation behavior which were adjusted and controlled by age treatment of a novel Ti-22Al-25Nb-1Mo-1V-1Zr-0.2Si(mole fraction,%)alloy,were investigated.The microstructures were obtained at different heat treatment temperatures and analyzed by SEM and TEM techniques.The creep behavior of the alloy was studied at 650℃,150 MPa for 100 h in air.The results showed that the initial microstructure mainly contained lath-likeα2,B2,and O phases.The precipitated O phase was sensitive to aging temperature.With the aging temperature increasing,the thickness of the precipitated O phase was also increased,and the length was shortened.The creep resistance of this alloy was relevant to the morphology and volume faction of the lamellar O phase.The increase of lamellar O phase in thickness was the main reason for the improved creep properties.

Quantitative contributions of solution atoms, precipitates and deformation to microstructures and properties of Al-Sc-Zr alloys

In order to investigate the effects of solid solution atoms, precipitated particles and cold deformation on the microstructures and properties of Al-Sc-Zr alloys, the Al-Sc-Zr alloys prepared by continuous rheo-extrusion were treated by thermomechanical treatment, analyzed for conductivity and mechanical properties by tensile and microhardness testing, and characterized using optical microscope, TEM and STEM. A mathematical model was established to quantitatively characterize the contribution of solid solution atoms, precipitates and cold deformation to the conductivity of the alloy. The results show that the strength of Al alloy can be significantly improved by solid solution, aging and cold deformation, and the quantitative impacts of solution atoms, precipitates and cold deformation on the conductivity of Al alloy are 10.5%(IACS), 2.3%(IACS) and 0.5%(IACS), respectively. Aging and cold deformation treatments are the keys to obtain high-strength and high-conductivity aluminum alloy wires.

Deformation and heat treatment ability of three-layer 6009/7050/6009 Al alloy clad slab prepared by direct-chill casting

Three-layer6009/7050/6009aluminum alloy clad slab was fabricated by an innovative direct-chill casting process.To study the response of the clad slab to plastic deformation and heat treatments,homogenization annealing,hot rolling,solution and aging were successively performed on the as-cast6009/7050/6009clad samples.The results revealed that excellent metallurgical bonding between7050alloy layer and6009alloy layer was achieved under optimal parameters.The clad ratio obviously decreased when the annealed sample was rolled to55%hot reduction level,and then changed slightly with further rolling.Furthermore,the content of rodlike Zn-rich phases increased significantly in7050alloy layer in the homogenized clad samples after rolling at55%,65%and75%hot reduction levels,and the higher level of hot reduction resulted in narrower diffusion layer.Subsequent solution and aging significantly improved the hardness in7050alloy layer,interfaces and6009alloy layers of the rolled samples except for the thin side for the75%hot reduction sample.

Influence of Cu content on microstructure and mechanical properties of thixoformed Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys

The effects of Cu content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of thixoformed Al-6Si-xCu-0.3Mg(x= 3,4,5and 6,mass fraction,%) alloys were studied.The samples were thixoformed at 50%liquid content and several of the samples were treated with the T6 heat treatment.The samples were then examined by optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy dispersive X-ray(EDX) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction(XRD) analysis,as well as hardness and tensile tests.The results show that the cooling slope casting and thixoforming process promote the formation of very fine and well distributed intermetallic compounds in the aluminium matrix and the mechanical properties of the alloys increase considerably compared with the permanent mould casting.The results also reveal that as the Cu content in the alloy increases,the hardness and tensile strength of the thixoformed alloys also increase.The ultimate tensile strength,yield strength and elongation to fracture of the thixoformed heat-treated Al-6Si-3Cu-0.3Mg alloy are 298 MPa,201 MPa and 4.5%,respectively,whereas the values of the thixoformed heat-treated alloy with high Cu content(6%) are 361 MPa,274 MPa and 1.1%,respectively.The fracture of the thixoformed Al-6Si-3Cu-0.3Mg alloy shows a dimple rupture,whereas in the alloy that contains the highest Cu content(6%),a cleavage fracture is observed.

Superelastic properties of nanocrystalline NiTi shape memory alloy produced by thermomechanical processing

Effects of thermomechanical treatment of cold rolling followed by annealing on microstructure and superelastic behavior of the Ni50Ti50 shape memory alloy were studied.Several specimens were produced by copper boat vacuum induction melting.The homogenized specimens were hot rolled and annealed at 900°C.Thereafter,annealed specimens were subjected to cold rolling with different thickness reductions up to 70%.Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the severe cold rolling led to the formation of a mixed microstructure consisting of nanocrystalline and amorphous phases in Ni50Ti50 alloy.After annealing at 400°C for 1 h,the amorphous phase formed in the cold-rolled specimens was crystallized and a nanocrystalline structure formed.Results showed that with increasing thickness reduction during cold rolling,the recoverable strain of Ni50Ti50 alloy was increased during superelastic experiments such that the 70%cold rolled-annealed specimen exhibited about 12%of recoverable strain.Moreover,with increasing thickness reduction,the critical stress for stress-induced martensitic transformation was increased.It is noteworthy that in the 70%cold rolled-annealed specimen,the damping capacity was measured to be 28 J/cm3 that is significantly higher than that of commercial NiTi alloys.