电弧增材制造典型构件热应力变形仿真分析

电弧增材制造(Wire and arc additive manufacturing,WAAM)具有材料利用率高、成形效率高、设备成本低的特点,已经成为一种重要的金属增材制造技术。但是,WAAM熔池大、热输入高、制造的金属零件几何精度低已经严重制约了该技术的进一步应用。以有限元分析为手段,建立了WAAM的热应力仿真模型,并对3种典型结构的WAAM热应力演化规律进行了研究,重点分析了基板厚度对热变形的影响规律,发现:与后续沉积层相比,第一层对构件整体热变形的影响最大;增加基板厚度不仅可以提高刚度,增加约束,而且能强化散热,降低热累积,对减小成形件最终变形和残余应力非常有利;对于矩形框构件来说,基板结构和约束方式对成形件热应力变形演化行为有较大影响。

热应力变形规律在控制零件变形中的应用

我们知道,由于热应力、组织应力以及附加应力的综合作用,钢件经热处理后会发生一定变形。显然,这些变形是零件的缺陷,导致零件不能正常发挥其功用并会影响零件的使用寿命。然而,零件的热应力变形具有一定规律,通过对该规律的掌握和研究,不仅可以控制零件变形,还可以挽救已经发生变形的零件,也就是可以使零件起死回生。本文的主要介绍了零件的热应力及其变形规律,结合已有的经验方法,提出了热应力变形规律在控制零件变形方面的一些应用。

利用热应力变形规律挽救零件

零件淬火变形是由于冷却和组织转变不均匀而引起的形状和体积变形是客观存在的规律。但由于变形影响零件的几何精度。因此如何探索变形规律,提高工艺技术水准,是很有价值的工作。

解决转炉炉体裙板热应力变形的技术措施

本文针对酒钢碳钢薄板厂120t转炉的炉体裙板使用寿命短、变形后更换困难问题,进行了原因分析,采取了应对措施,对炉体裙板的结构做了技术改进,解决了制约生产的瓶颈问题。

工字规热处理过程的变形分析及工艺改进

20钢工字规在淬火过程中,其长度方向发生强烈收缩。结果表明:引起收缩的主要原因是在高温冷却过程中,表面的高碳马氏体向心部压缩,心部塑性良好的铁素体组织受到挤压,长度缩短,呈现了明显的热应力特征。经过降低淬火温度,采用变形小的硝盐作为淬火介质对工艺进行优化,采用优化工艺后的工字规硬度为61 HRC,收缩量为0.24 mm,挠曲变形量为0.05 mm;表面渗碳层的金相组织为隐针状马氏体,心部为板条状马氏体,均符合技术要求。

回火热处理在复合消音锯片加工过程中的影响和作用

针对复合消音锯片生产过程中的点焊热变形问题,通过优化回火工艺参数,采用中温上限回火和缩短保温时间的二次梯度回火工艺,使点焊后的热应力得到最大程度消除,从而改善二次回火后消音锯片的平面度和端跳值等指标。为后续磨削和校平的处理减轻加工难度,同时稳定地控制和保证复合消音锯片的实物质量水平。

纯电汽车电池仓安全性分析

随着纯电汽车续航里程不断增加,电池仓能量密度被提高,其尺寸也被增大。而压铸工艺无法满足大尺寸电池仓的生产,有必要对电池仓进行分体生产。为检验分体后电池仓的安全性,采用HyperMesh建立某动力电池仓下壳体分体后的电池盒前侧板有限元模型以及对其进行前处理,模拟电池盒前侧板装配在车架上承载电池模组的工作状态;然后基于Optistruct对其进行约束模态分析、不同行驶状态下静力学工况分析以及锂电池组高温工况下热变形热应力分析,以验证电池盒前侧板的动静态特性。最后采用LS-DYNA模拟电池盒前侧板在1 m高处倾斜5°进行跌落试验,以验证其抗冲击性能。结果表明,电池盒前侧板在约束模态分析、静力学工况以及高温工况均能满足安全标准及强度要求。在跌落模拟试验中电池盒前侧板局部区域集中分布的等效应力大于材料屈服强度,需要增加该区域的壁厚,从而提高刚度。

Prediction of Hot Deformation Behavior of 7Mo Super Austenitic Stainless Steel Based on Back Propagation Neural Network

The hot compression tests of 7Mo super austenitic stainless(SASS)were conducted to obtain flow curves at the temperature of 1000-1200℃and strain rate of 0.001 s^(-1)to 1 s^(-1).To predict the non-linear hot deformation behaviors of the steel,back propagation-artificial neural network(BP-ANN)with 16×8×8 hidden layer neurons was proposed.The predictability of the ANN model is evaluated according to the distribution of mean absolute error(MAE)and relative error.The relative error of 85%data for the BP-ANN model is among±5%while only 42.5%data predicted by the Arrhenius constitutive equation is in this range.Especially,at high strain rate and low temperature,the MAE of the ANN model is 2.49%,which has decreases for 18.78%,compared with conventional Arrhenius constitutive equation.

合成氨装置合成废热锅炉管束泄漏原因分析及改进措施

合成氨装置合成废热锅炉管束出现泄漏,通过分析认为,锅炉水质不合格与废热锅炉使用保护不当,造成了锅炉管束大面积腐蚀减薄,熟应力导致列管变形,加剧了磨损和腐蚀,造成管束局部率先出现漏点。通过改造锅炉水除氧设备,加强锅炉水质管理,采取干燥防腐方案,优化生产操作等措施,保证废热锅炉安全运行。

深低温SiC空间反射镜背部与侧面支撑结构对比

在深低温下的反射镜及其支撑结构设计中,温度变化作用下的面形精度是空间反射镜性能的重要影响因素。以温度变化作用下的面形RMS为性能指标,基于碳化硅反射镜不同支撑结构和不同材料搭配形式下对空间反射镜的面形变化进行对比研究。首先,在深低温下对背部支撑和侧面支撑的以下两种情况进行仿真分析:(a)反射镜和支撑结构都用碳化硅制造;(b)反射镜用碳化硅制造,支撑结构用其他材料制造。仿真分析得到在(a)条件下背部支撑结构能获得更好的面形,在(b)条件下,侧面支撑结构能获得更好的面形;然后对侧面支撑结构中不同材料搭配情况下对面形精度的影响进行研究,对面形RMS与反射镜材料的线膨胀系数,支撑结构材料的线膨胀系数和反射镜材料与支撑结构材料的线膨胀系数之差的绝对值之间的关系用多元线性回归方法进行统计分析,研究其影响程度,分析得到线膨胀系数之差的绝对值对面形精度RMS的影响更大。研究取得的成果和研究思路对今后的深低温光学反射镜及其支撑结构设计提供参考。

Constitutive equations for high temperature flow stress prediction of 6063 Al alloy considering compensation of strain

In order to develop the appropriate constitutive equation which can precisely model high temperature flow stress of 6063 Al alloy, a series of isothermal hot compression tests were performed at temperatures from 573 to 773 K and strain rates from 0.5 to 50 s?1 on a Gleeble?1500 thermo-simulation machine. Zener–Hollomon parameter in an exponent-type equation was used to describe the combined effects of temperature and strain rate on hot deformation behaviour of 6063 Al alloy, whereas the influence of strain was incorporated in the developed constitutive equation by considering material constants (α,n,Q andA) to be 4th order polynomial functions of strain. The results show that the developed constitutive equation can accurately predict high temperature flow stress of 6063 Al alloy, which demonstrates that it can be suitable for simulating hot deformation processes such as extrusion and forging, and for properly designing the deformation parameters in engineering practice.

Hot deformation behavior of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr aluminum alloys during compression at elevated temperature

The hot compression tests of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr aluminum alloys （7056 alloy and 7150 alloy） were performed in a temperature range from 300 to 450 °C and at strain rate range from 0.01 to 10 s-1. The results show that the true stress-true strain curves exhibit a peak stress at a critical strain, then the flow stresses decrease monotonically until high strains, showing a dynamic flow softening. The peak stresses depend on the temperature compensated strain rate, which can be represented by the Zener-Hollomon parameter Z in the hyperbolic-sine equation with hot deformation activation energy of 244.64 kJ/mol for 7056 alloy and 229.75 kJ/mol for 7150 alloy, respectively, while the peak stresses for the former are lower than those for the latter under the similar compression condition. The deformed microstructures consist of a great amount of precipitates within subgrains in the elongated grains at high Z value and exhibit well formed subgrains in the recrystallized grains at low Z value. The smaller subgrains and greater density of fine precipitates in 7150 alloy are responsible for the high peak stresses because of the substructural strengthening and precipitating hardening compared with 7056 alloy.

Hot compression behavior and deformation microstructure of Mg-6Zn-1Al-0.3Mn magnesium alloy

The hot compression behavior of a wrought Mg-6Zn-1Al-0.3Mn magnesium alloy was investigated using Gleeble test at 200-400 °C with strain rates ranging from 0.01 to 7 s-1. The true stress-strain curves show that the hot deformation behavior significantly depends on the deformation temperature and strain rate. The calculated hot deformation activation energy Q is 166 kJ/mol with a stress exponent n=5.99, and the constitutive equation is deduced to be ε＆ =3.16×1013[sinh（0.010σ）]5.99exp [-1.66×105/（RT）]· Deformation microstructure shows that the incompletely dynamically recrystallized grains can be found at grain boundaries and twins with the strain rates ranging from 0.01 to 1 s^-1 at 250 °C, and completely dynamic recrystallization occurs when the temperature is 350 °C or above during hot compression, the size of recrystallized grains decreases with the increment of the strain rate at the same temperature. The relatively suitable deformation condition is considered temperature 330-400 °C and strain rate of 0.01-0.03 s-1, and temperature of 350 °C and strain rate of 1 s-1.

Constitutive modeling of hot deformation behavior of X20Cr13 martensitic stainless steel with strain effect

Hot deformation behavior ofX20Cr13 martensitic stainless steel was investigated by conducting hot compression tests on Gleeble-1500D thermo-mechanical simulator at the temperature ranging from 1173 to 1423 K and the strain rate ranging from 0.001 to 10 s^-1. The material constants of a and n, activation energy Q and A were calculated as a function of strain by a fifth-order polynomial fit. Constitutive models incorporating deformation temperature, strain rate and strain were developed to model the hot deformation behavior of X20Cr13 martensitic stainless steel based on the Arrhenius equation. The predictable efficiency of the developed constitutive models of X20Cr13 martensitic stainless steel was analyzed by correlation coefficient and average absolute relative error which are 0.996 and 3.22%, respectively.

大型对开组合齿圈工艺设计分析及其最优化

本文论述了大型齿圈的结构特征及其现行工艺的合理性;在建立工艺关键环节概念的基础上提出工艺优化方案,并从理论上论证了实现最优化的充分可能性。

Hot deformation behavior and processing maps of as-cast Mg-8Zn-1Al-0.5Cu-0.5Mn alloy

The hot deformation behavior of as-cast Mg-8Zn-1Al-0.5Cu-0.5Mn alloy was studied by hot compression tests at temperatures of 200-350 °C and strain rates of 0.001-1 s-1.The results show that the flow stress increases significantly with increasing strain rate,and decreases as the temperature increases.The flow stress model based on the regression analysis was developed to predict the flow behavior of Mg-8Zn-1Al-0.5Cu-0.5Mn alloy during the hot compression,and the model shows a good agreement with experimental results.Meanwhile,the processing maps were established according to the dynamic materials model.The processing maps show that the increase of strain enlarges the instability domains,and the alloy shows good hot workability at high temperatures and low strain rates.

Constitutive modeling for dynamic recrystallization kinetics of Mg-4Zn-2Al-2Sn alloy

In order to have a better understanding of the hot deformation behavior of the as-solution-treated Mg-4 Zn-2 Sn-2 Al（ZAT422） alloy, a series of compression experiments with a height reduction of 60% were performed in the temperature range of 498-648 K and the strain rate range of 0.01-5 s～（-1） on a Gleeble 3800 thermo-mechanical simulator. Based on the regression analysis by Arrhenius type equation and Avrami type equation of flow behavior, the activation energy of deformation of ZAT422 alloy was determined as 155.652 k J/mol, and the constitutive equations for flow behavior and the dynamic recrystallization（DRX） kinetic model of ZAT422 alloy were established. Microstructure observation shows that when the temperature is as low as 498 K, the DRX is not completed as the true strain reaches 0.9163. However, with the temperature increasing to 648 K, the lower strain rate is more likely to result in some grains＇ abnormal growth.

Flow stress behavior and processing map of extruded 7075Al/SiC particle reinforced composite prepared by spray deposition during hot compression

Hot compression tests of the extruded 7075Al/15%SiC (volume fraction) particle reinforced composite prepared by spray deposition were performed on Gleeble?1500 system in the temperature range of 300?450 °C and strain rate range of 0.001?1 s?1. The results indicate that the true stress?true strain curve almost exhibits rapid flow softening phenomenon without an obvious work hardening, and the stress decreases with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate. Moreover, the stress levels are higher at temperature below 400 °C but lower at 450 °C compared with the spray deposited 7075Al alloy. Superplastic deformation characteristics are found at temperature of 450 °C and strain rate range of 0.001?0.1 s?1 with corresponding strain rate sensitivity of 0.72. The optimum parameters of hot working are determined to be temperature of 430?450 °C and strain rate of 0.001?0.05 s?1 based on processing map and optical microstructural observation.

New constitutive equation utilizing grain size for modeling of hot deformation behavior of AA1070 aluminum

A new phenomenological and empirically-based constitutive model was proposed to modify the term in the original Johnson−Cook constitutive model.The new model can be used to describe and predict the flow stress of AA1070 aluminum with different initial grain sizes in the hot working process.This developed model considers thermal softening,strain-rate hardening,strain hardening,initial grain size,and interactions with each other and can correctly model the behavior of AA1070 at elevated temperature with different strains,strain rates,and initial grain sizes.The hot flow behavior of AA1070 was investigated through compression tests over wide ranges of temperature from 623 to 773 K,strain rate from 0.005 to 0.5 s−1 and initial grain size from 50 to 450μm.Results show that the initial grain size has a significant effect on the flow behavior of AA1070.Then,correlation coefficient(R),average absolute relative error(AARE),and relative error were examined for comparative predictability of the model.Results show that flow stresses for different initial grain sizes calculated by the new proposed model perfectly correlate with experimental ones,with a mean relative error of 1.19%,which confirms that the new modified Johnson−Cook relation can give a precise estimation of the hot flow stress of AA1070 aluminum by considering the initial grain size.

Flow stress behavior of Al-Cu-Li-Zr alloy containing Sc during hot compression deformation

The flow stress behavior of Al-3.5Cu-1.5Li-0.25(Sc+Zr) alloy during hot compression deformation was studied by isothermal compression test using Gleeble-1500 thermal-mechanical simulator. Compression tests were preformed in the temperature range of 653-773 K and in the strain rate range of 0.001-10 s-1 up to a true plastic strain of 0.7. The results indicate that the flow stress of the alloy increases with increasing strain rate at a given temperature,and decreases with increasing temperature at a given imposed strain rate. The relationship between the flow stress and the strain rate and the temperature was derived by analyzing the experimental data. The flow stress is in a hyperbolic sine relationship with the strain rate,and in an Arrhenius relationship with the temperature,which imply that the process of plastic deformation at an elevated temperature for this material is thermally activated. The flow stress of the alloy during the elevated temperature deformation can be represented by a Zener-Hollomon parameter with the inclusion of the Arrhenius term. The values of n,α and A in the analytical expressions of flow stress σ are fitted to be 5.62,0.019 MPa-1 and 1.51×1016 s-1,respectively. The hot deformation activation energy is 240.85 kJ/mol.