高价Mn氧化物介导下轻烃热化学氧化的模拟实验研究

研究烃类的热化学氧化对分析油气保存条件和探讨深部碳循环机制都具有重要意义。本文以轻烃-MnO2-水体系为例,基于熔融石英毛细硅管和拉曼光谱分析技术的在线观测热液实验技术,对油气藏中常见的轻烃热化学氧化反应的发生温度和变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,轻烃热化学氧化温度随烃类碳数的增大而降低,从丁烷到十三烷,其反应发生温度从125℃降到约100℃,与热化学氧化反应的吉布斯自由能变化顺序一致。表明烃类热化学氧化需要的温度条件并不苛刻,在3000 m以下埋深且含有氧化性地层的沉积盆地中即可发生。实验结果与准噶尔盆地地质实例基本相符,油气充注中心区优先氧化高碳数烃类,远离充注中心缺乏液态烃的井区发生甲烷等轻烃氧化,烃类的热氧化过程受烃类氧化顺序和油气充注时空差异性两大因素制约。

合成碲金矿及其热液蚀变实验研究初探

通过实验合成出了碲金矿 ,并对其进行了 2 0 0℃、80℃温度下不同 p H溶液中的蚀变实验。对碲金矿及蚀变产物分别进行了 X-射线粉晶衍射、矿相显微镜鉴定及电子探针和光电子能谱分析。实验结果表明 ,在中性、偏酸性和碱性溶液的实验条件下碲金矿基本保持稳定 ,而在碱性稀溶液实验条件下可观测到少量含 Fe、 Te、 Au新相的生成及碲金矿表面氧化态碲的明显增加。

花岗岩类岩石中铀及其伴生元素的热液淋滤实验

渗透溶液的动态实验证实了以前的静态实验结果。当热的(200℃)中等碱性硫化物-碳酸盐溶液相当于内生铀矿床矿物中典型流体包裹体成分与构成含矿火山构造基底的不同类型花岗岩类岩石的磨碎(-0.6-+0.2mm)样品进行反应之后,溶液富含铀、钼、铅和钛,以及钾和二氧化硅。铀的富集程度取决于岩石中原生铀含量。

首次液滴太空喜迁移

液滴热毛细迁移实验是神舟四号飞船有效载荷的一部分。

Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium of Copolymer＋ Solvent Systems： Experimental Data and Thermodynamic Modeling with New UNIFAC Groups

Vapor-liquid equilibrium （VLE） data for copolymer solutions are necessary for several chemical processes. However, VLE data for copolymer solutions in the published report are rare. In this study, experimental VLE data for binary systems copolymer＋solvent were obtained using a gravimetric-sorption apparatus. The studied systems were hexane＋poly （21% acrylonitrile-co-butadiene）, hexane＋poly （33% acrylonitrile-co-butadiene）, hexane＋poly （51% acrylonitrile-co-butadiene）, hexane＋poly （23% styrene-co-butadiene）, hexane＋poly （45% styrene-co-butadiene）, and benzene＋poly （44% styrene-co-methyl methacrylate） in the range 50-70℃. The experimental data were correlated with the UNIFAC and Elbro-FV group contribution models for the activity coefficient. Two sets of functional groups had been used to represent the monomers in copolymers： literature groups and new proposed groups. The mean deviations between experimental and calculated mass fractions about 2.4% with Elbro- FV and 13.3% with Zhong were observed when the groups proposed in this study were used, and of 3.5% for E1- bro-FV and 13.2% for Zhong, when literature grouns were used.

Simulation of hydrocarbons pyrolysis in a fast-mixing reactor

Currently, thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons for the production of basic petrochemicals(ethylene, propylene) is carried out in steam-cracking processes. Aside from the conventional method, under consideration are alternative ways purposed for process intensification. In the context of these activities, the method of hightemperature pyrolysis of hydrocarbons in a heat-carrier flow is studied, which differs from previous ones and is based on the ability of an ultra-short time of feedstock/heat-carrier mixing. This enables to study the pyrolysis process at high temperature(up to 1500 K) at the reactor inlet. A set of model experiments is conducted on the lab scale facility. Liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) and naphtha are used as a feedstock. The detailed data are obtained on temperature and product distributions within a wide range of the residence time. A theoretical model based on the detailed kinetics of the process is developed, too. The effect of governing parameters on the pyrolysis process is analyzed by the results of the simulation and experiments. In particular, the optimal temperature is detected which corresponds to the maximum ethylene yield. Product yields in our experiments are compared with the similar ones in the conventional pyrolysis method. In both cases(LPG and naphtha), ethylene selectivity in the fast-mixing reactor is substantially higher than in current technology.

Analysis of Film-Boiling Heat Transfer on a High Temperature Sphere Immersed into Liquid Sodium

Film-boiling heat transfer is a key phenomenon governing severe accident sequence in a sodium-cooled fast reactor. Experimental the fuel-coolant interaction process which may occur during a and theoretical work on film-boiling heat transfer in sodium has hardly been carried out in the past. An experiment has been conducted in the early seventies to investigate sodium pool boiling. In this experiment, a hot tantalum sphere was immersed into subcooled liquid sodium. Film boiling was obtained for various sets of parameters： sodium subcooling from 4.1 K to 29. 1 K, initial sphere temperature ranging from 1,802.6 K to 2,633.7 K, sphere diameters of 1.27, 1.91 and 2.54 cm and sodium depths of 7.6 cm and 11.4 cm. In the present work, a simplified analysis based on the boundary layer theory is developed to describe pool film-boiling heat transfer on a hot sphere in liquid sodium. Two extreme cases are considered depending on sodium subcooling. In the case of high subcooling, most of the heat lost by the sphere is used to heat the sodium while for low subcooling, it is used to vaporize the liquid at the liquid-vapor interface. It will be shown that the scaling analysis predicts the heat fluxes within the order of magnitude when compared to the available experimental data. Besides, it allows an estimation of the contribution of these fluxes to the liquid heating and vaporization processes.

Analysis of ice slurry production by direct contact heat transfer of air and water solution

In this paper, a novel system using direct contact heat transfer between air and water solution was proposed to generate ice slurry. The heat transfer process and the system performance were studied; energy efficiency coefficients of 0.038, 0.053, and 0.064 were obtained using different solutions. An empirical relationship between the volumetric heat transfer coefficient U v and the main parameters was obtained by fitting the experimental data. The U v calculated from the empirical formula agreed with the experimental U v quite well with a relative error of less than 15%. Based on the empirical formula, a laboratory-scale direct contact ice slurry generator was then constructed, with practical application in mind. If the air flow rate is fixed at 200 m 3 /h, the ice production rate will be 0.091 kg/min. The experimental results also showed that the cold energy consumption of the air compressor accounted for more than half of the total amount. To improve the system energy efficiency coefficient, it is necessary to increase the air pipes insulation and the solution's thermal capacity, and also it is appropriate to utilize the free cold energy of liquefied natural gas (LNG).

Experimental Investigation on Film Cooling Performance of Pressure Side in Annular Cascades

Experimental investigations were conducted to study the film cooling performance in a low speed annular cascades using Thermochromic Liquid Crystal (TLC) technique. The test blade was placed in the second stage, where 18 blades were installed with chord length of 124.3 mm and height of 99 mm. A film hole with diameter of 4 mm, angled 28° to the tangential of the pressure surface in streamwise, was set in the middle span of the blade. The Reynolds number based on the outlet mainstream velocity and the blade chord length of the second stage varied from 1.52×105 to 2.00×105. All measurements were made with the blowing ratio varying from 0.3 to 3.0. Air and CO2 worked as coolant to achieve the coolant-to-mainstream density ratio of 1.03 and 1.57. The results show that the film coverage and cooling effectiveness scale up with the blowing ratio. Higher density ratio can generate larger film cooling coverage and effectiveness. The higher the Reynolds number, the larger the film coverage and cooling effectiveness.

Viscous Heating for Laminar Liquid Flow in Microtubes

Using de-ionized ultra-filtered water (DIUFW) as the working fluid, the effects of viscous dissipation in micro-tubes with inner diameters of 19.9μm and 44.2μm, respectively, have been studied by experiments, the theoretical analysis and the numerical simulation at laminar state. Based on thermal imaging technology of micro-area, the temperature rise resulted from the viscous dissipation in microtube is measured by employing IR camera with a specially magnifying lens at different Reynolds numbers. A 2-D model adapted to microtube is presented to simulate the viscous dissipation characteristic considering electric double layer effect (EDL). The investigation shows the calculating results are in rough agreement with the experimental data if removing the experimental uncertainties. Based on the experimental and the numerical simulation results, a viscous dissipation number which can describe the law of the viscous heating in microtube is summed up and it explains the abnormity of the flow resistance in microtubes.

Heat Transfer Efficiency Evaluation for Outward and Inward Multi-Flame-Hole Gas Burner

The purpose of this study is to understand the factor that influence the heating efficiency of the outward and inward multi-hole gas burner. The flame-hole angle and the distance from flame hole to heating object are chosen as the experimental parameters. The measurement of the flame temperature distribution is carried out on each experimental condition. The observation of combustion flame, by the Schlieren method, is done from the purpose to understand the combustion phenomenon on the heating efficiency. LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas) is used for the test fuel gas. The compositions of LPG are propane 97.5vol%, butane 0.2vol% and methane + ethylene 2.3vol%. The optimum ranges of the flame-hole angle and the distance from flame hole to heating object are clarified. The experimental correlation equations for the outward and inward multi-flame-hole gas burner are proposed.