热电（冷）联产的应用

日前我国耗能很大。且可用能源储量不足，因此必须走可持续发展之路，通过对能源梯级利用，开发可再生能源。

Parametric optimization of power system for a micro-CCHP system

The universal mathematical model of an engine is established,and an economical zone,in which an engine mainly provides medium output load at medium speed,is presented.Based on the experimental data and the universal model of such an engine above,a mathematical model of a refitted engine is provided.The boundary of the corresponding economical zone is further demarcated,and the optimal operating curve and the operating point of the engine are analyzed.Then,the energy transforming models of the power system are established in the mode of cooling,heating and power（MCHP）,the mode of heating and power（MHP）and the mode of electricity powering（MEP）.The parameter matching of the power system is optimized according to the transmission ratios of the gear box in the power distribution system.The results show that,in the MCHP,the speed transmission ratio of the engine to the gear box（ies）and the speed transmission ratio of the motor to the gear box（ims）are defined as 2.9 and 1,respectively;in the MHP,when the demand load of the power system is less than the low critical load of the economical zone,the speed transmission ratio of the motor to the engine（ime）is equal to 1,and when the demand load of the power system exceeds the low critical load of the economical zone,ime equals 0.85;in the MEP,the optimal value of ims is defined as 2.5.

再论“低炭经济”与电力工业

阐述低炭经济的历史背景、基本概念;当前世界减排CO2温室气体概况与治理目标;中国火电污染物排放简况;电力工业应对低炭经济采取的战略与主要措施。

论低炭经济与电力工业

阐述了低炭经济的历史背景、基本概念；当前世界减排CO2温室气体概况与治理目标；中国火电污染物排放简况；电力工业应对低炭经济采取的战略与主要措施。

再论“低炭经济”与电力工业

阐述了低炭经济的历史背景、基本概念,分析了当前世界减排CO2温室气体概况与治理目标,以及中国火电污染物排放简况.指出了电力工业应对低炭经济应采取的战略与主要措施.分析表明:短时期内,在新能源和可再生能源还无法取代化石能源的情况下,调整能源结构,大力研发替代能源技术和碳捕获和储存(CCS)技术,积极发展热、电(冷)联产、分布式能源以及以洁净煤和煤气化为核心的多联产技术,是中国应对环境恶化和减排压力,并走出符合中国国情的高效、绿色、低碳的发展之路的必然选择.

Mathematical model of absorption and hybrid heat pump

Recovering waste heat from industrial processes is bene ficial in order to reduce the primary energy demands and heat pumps can be used to this purpose.Absorption heat pumps are energy-saving and environment-friendly because use working fluids that do not cause ozone depletion and can reduce the global warming emissions.The hybrid heat pump processes combine the conventional vapor-compression and the absorption heat pump cycles.Studies about the simulations and modeling of hybrid heat pumps are few in literature.In this research a mathematical model for single effect absorption and hybrid heat pump is carried out with Chem Cad? 6.0.1.LiBr–H_2O is used as working fluid while electrolytic NRTL and electrolytes latent heat are used as thermodynamic model due to the better results.Binary parameters of activity coef ficients are regressed from experimental vapor pressure data while default constants are used for the solubility expressions.A design of heat pumps is developed and a new modeling of generator is analyzed.The coef ficient of performance of absorption heat pump and hybrid heat pump is equal to 0.7 and 0.83 respectively.For absorption heat pump a sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate the effect of temperature and pressure generator,the concentration of Li–Br solution on coef ficient of performance,cooling capacity and working fluid temperature.For hybrid heat pump,the different coef ficients of performance,the primary energy ratio,the generator heat,and the compressor power are analyzed for different values of compressor proportion.Results show that comparing the two systems the hybrid pump allows to save more primary energy,costs and carbon dioxide emissions with respect to absorption heat pump with the increasing of compressor proportion parameter.Future researches should focus on the construction of this heat pumps integrated in chemical processes as a biogas plant or trigeneration systems.

Building Sector： The Different Ways to Improve Their Energetic Efficiency

The building sector has a significant weight in the global energy consumption in almost of the countries. So, there is a high potential for increasing its energy efficiency. With the enforcement of the energetic certification, it was tried to select different solutions that presents less energy consumption and waste, as well as an effective reduction of CO2 emissions. This work fits in this perspective, since the main goal is to evaluate the contribution of passive and active solutions that can be used in buildings for the improvement of its energetic efficiency, as well as to evaluate the contribution of renewable energy sources. Contribution of solar systems for hot water heating and electric energy production has been studied, as well as cogeneration, Combined Heat and Power （CHP）. The case studied is a hotel. To improve the building performance, there were proposed several changes, with the goal of evaluating the contribution of the different solutions proposed. It was concluded that they contribute to a reduction of thermal needs of 25.2% and avoided emissions of CO2 is 30.4%. The analysis of the implementation of trigeneration, Combined Heat, Cooling and Power （CHCP） turns it executable. The payback period is less than 8 years.

Integrated Renewable Energy Solutions for Aquaculture Processing Enerfish

The European Union Framework Programme 71 Enerfish project aims to demonstrate a new poly-generation application with renewable energy sources for the fishery industry in Vietnam. The fish processing plant under consideration can be made by energy self-sufficient when all fish waste oil is processed into biodiesel and further converted to electricity and heat （for cooling） in a CHP （combined heat and power） unit. The purpose of the present paper is to discuss the profitability of such plants in southeast Asia. The economic model shows that electricity production is, due to the low electricity tariff, uneconomical （except during electricity blackout）, even if cogeneration heat can be utilized. This prompt a design of the plant whereby the necessary heat for the biodiesel process is taken from the waste heat produced by the compressors of a CO2 cooling system. According to the calculations and assumptions of the present study, the profitability of biodiesel production from fish cleaning wastes in Vietnam depends strongly on the market prices for fish waste and fish oil. Different business case scenarios are described.

Analysis by Indicators Performance of the Conceptual Structures mCCHP-SE Using Renewable Energy Sources

This paper refers to an integrated mCCHP （micro-combined cooling heat and power） systems dedicated for isolated residents with energetic independence. The only energy sources are wood pellet and solar energy. The proposed trigeneration system is based on mCHP （micro-combined heat and power） unit with Stirling engine, photovoltaic panels, thermal solar collector and pellet boiler. The proposed mCCHP system utilizes the exceeding amount of heat in the summer for producing the necessary cooling. A residential building with known energy consumption is determined load curves that must be covered by mCCHP system. The paper analyzes four structures of trigeneration systems with thermal activation chiller and two structures of trigeneration systems with mechanical compression chiller. Performance indicators are determined based on energy balance equations for each variant. It compares the performances and establishes the best option.

Performance Research of a Micro-CCHP System with Adsorption Chiller

This paper describes a new micro-combined cooling, heating and power （CCHP） system, which is especially suitable for domestic and light commercial applications. It mainly consists of a natural gas-fired internal combustion engine, a silica gel-water adsorption chiller and other heat recovery units. In order to study the energy efficiency and economic feasibility, an experimental investigation has been carried out. The experimental system has a rated electricity power of 12 kW, a rated cooling capacity of 9 kW and a rated heating capacity of 28 kW. Evaluation and analysis of the system are discussed in detail. The testing results show that the energy efficiency of the overall system depends on different modes. The overall thermal and electrical efficiency is over 70%. Higher heat load supplied causes higher efficiency of the system. Economic evaluation shows that the micro-CCHP system enjoys a small capital cost and short payback period, which is easily accepted by customers. At current natural gas price of 1.9 RMB/m^3 （nominal condition） and electric price of 0.754 RMB/（kW.h）, the total capital cost is only 90 000 RMB with a payback period of 3.21 years.

Analysis of an electricity-cooling cogeneration system for waste heat recovery of gaseous fuel engines

Waste heat recovery(WHR)is one of the most useful ways to improve the efficiency of internal combustion engines,and an electricity-cooling cogeneration system(ECCS)based on Rankin-absorption refrigeration combined cycle for the WHR of gaseous fuel engines is proposed in the paper.This system can avoid wasting the heat in condenser so that the efficiency of the whole WHR system improves,but the condensing temperature of Rankin cycle(RC)must increase in order to use absorption refrigeration system,which leads to the decrease of RC output power.Therefore,the relationship between the profit of absorption refrigeration system and the loss of RC in this combined system is the mainly studied content in the paper.Because the energy quality of cooling and electricity are different,cooling power in absorption refrigeration is converted to corresponding electrical power consumed by electric cooling system,which is defined as equivalent electrical power.With this method,the effects of some important operation parameters on the performance of the ECCS are researched,and the equivalent efficiency,exergy efficiency and primary energy rate are compared in the paper.